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ANSC 201 > Lecture 9- Digestion > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of monogastrics mouths

A

Prehension (bring food in, lips, teeth, tongue, hands)
Ensalivation (mix w/ saliva)
Mastication (grinding/ pulverizing)
Bonus formation (rolling food into ball and push to back)

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2
Q

Define esophagus

A

Muscular structure connecting pharynx to stomach (tighter when no food going down)

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3
Q

What is the pH of the monogastric stomach?

A

2 or 3 b/c of hydrochloric acid

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4
Q

4 functions of monogastrics stomach

A

Store material
Secrete substances
Mixing
Move chyme from stomach to rest of digestive system

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5
Q

Interior listing zones of monogastric stomach

A

Esophageal
Cardiac (mucous)
Fundic (HCl)
Pyloric

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6
Q

5 parts of gastric fluid in monogastrics

A

Mucous
HCl
Lipase (small amt)
Rennin
Pepsinogen (a zymogen)

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7
Q

What is a zymogen

A

Inactive form of an enzyme

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8
Q

How does pepsinogen work?

A

Reacts with HCl to become pepsin and breakdown long protein chains

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9
Q

Gastrin (secretion, target, function) in monogastrics

A

Produced by pyloric region, targets stomach, signals to produce more secretions
Endocrine b/c must go through bloodstream

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10
Q

3 phases of gastric fluid flow regulation in monogastrics

A

Cephalic- nerve impulse
Gastric- nerves and hormones (longest)
Intestinal- hormonal response

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11
Q

3 requirements for emptying the monogastric stomach

A

Fluidity and acidity of chyme
Receptivity of duodenum (can’t be full already)
Pyloric pump (stomach contractions push food through pyloric sphincter)

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12
Q

2 ways gastric flow rate is reduced in monogastrics

A

Enterogastric reflex (nerve reflex reducing pumping)
Enterogastrone

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13
Q

Enterogastrone (secretion, target, function)

A

Produced by small intestine
Slows gastric fluid production and flow rate
Targets stomach

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14
Q

Functions of monogastric small intestines

A

Chemical degradation
Absorption

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15
Q

Sections of monogastric small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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16
Q

2 entrances to monogastric small intestine in anterior are from

A

Liver and pancreas

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17
Q

3 types of digestive fluids in monogastrics

A

Pancreatic fluid
Hepatic fluid (Bile)
Intestinal Fluid

All are alkaline to neutralize stomach pH

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18
Q

2 Functions of Hepatic Fluid (Bile) in monogastrics

A

Emulsifying agent breaks of fats into smaller droplets to increase surface area
Neutralize acids
Aid in absorption of fats

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19
Q

Monogastric Hepatic Fluid (Bile) - (produced, stored, and contents)

A

Produced in liver
Stored in gall bladder
Contains waster products of liver metabolism
Dark green- colors feces

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20
Q

Monogastric pancreatic fluid (produced, contains)

A

Produced in pancreas
Contains enzymes, carbonate, and bicarbonate= buffers

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21
Q

Hormonal control of pancreatic fluid in monogastrics

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) (Pancreozymin)

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22
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) (Pancreozymin) - produced, targets, function

A

Produced in duodenum, increases enzyme output by pancreas and release of hepatic fluid from gall bladder

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23
Q

3 enzymes in monogastric pancreatic fluid

A
  1. Proteolytic (proteases)
    Trypsinogen —(enterokinase)—> Trypsin
    Chymotrypsin
    Both result from zymogen action + break down peptides into amino acids
  2. Amylase and carbohydrates
    Breakdown amylose + amylopectin
    Each carbohydrate has its own: lactase, maltase
  3. Lipase
    Breakdown fats, inactive in low stomach pH
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24
Q

2 functions of large intestines in monogastrics

A

Store left over residue
Lubricate residue to exit through the anus,

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25
3 sections of monogastric large intestine
Cecum (appendix)- gas production (some fermentation) Colon- absorbs water Rectum
26
Define absorption
Movement of materials from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
27
3 mechanisms of absorption
1. Diffusion (passive) ex. Minerals through cell membrane 2. Osmosis (passive)- water 3. Active transport (NEEDS ENERGY) ex. Amino acids, fatty acids
28
Portal vein function in monogastrics
Carries nutrient rich blood from gastrointestinal tract to liver
29
Liver function in monogastrics
Liver metabolizes and detoxifies substances before they circulate to the rest of the body
30
Gastric vs. intestinal digestion in monogastrics
Gastric= breakdown in acidic conditions Intestinal= breakdown in alkaline conditions
31
Where is starch broken down in monogastrics?
Small intestine into glucose
32
Where are sugars broken down in monogastrics
Small intestine into glucose
33
Where are cellulose and lignin broken down in monogastrics
It’s not, left in feces
34
Where is protein broken down in monogastrics
Stomach into peptide chains Small intestine into amino acids
35
Where are lipids broken down in monogastrics
Small intestine into fatty acid and glycerol
36
Where are minerals broken down in monogastrics
Small intestine into solution
37
Where are vitamins broken down in monogastrics
Small intestine into solution
38
Where is water absorbed in monogastrics
Small and mostly large intestines
39
6 Composites of feces
Cellulose, lignin, bacteria, mucous, water, epithelial cells
40
Birds are considered
Modified monogastrics
41
3 Functions of beak
Prehension, ensalivation, bolus formation
42
Order of bird digestive system
Beak—>pharynx —> esophagus —> crop (gullet)—> proventriculus( true stomach)—> ventrigulus (gizzard)—> small intestine—>large intestine—> cloaca + vent
43
Location and 2 functions of crop
Outpocket of esophagus Moisten/lubricate Storage (no chemical degradation)
44
Location and function of proventriculus (true stomach)
At end of esophagus Secretarial gastric juices and HCl (acid)
45
Structure and 2 functions of ventriculus (gizzard)
Contains grit Grind food Mix with gastric fluid (gastric digestion begins here)
46
Why are contents of duodenum acidic in birds?
Pancreatic and liver(bile) ducts don’t enter until posterior end of duodenum.
47
The large intestine of birds has ____ ceca and _____ colon.
2 ceca (very little fermentation) 1 colon (absorbs water)
48
3 systems a part of the cloaca in birds
Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
49
What is the anus of birds called?
Vent
50
Why is bird waste so liquidy?
The digestive feces and stuff from kidneys mix before being expelled
51
Significant differences in horse digestions:
Large cecum (fermentates cellulose and hemicellulose into VFA’s) - large intestine absorbs VFA’s = provide energy No gall bladder= bile duct comes directly from liver
52
Significant differences in rabbit digestion:
Large cecum Coprophagy (eating fecal pellets) “second chance” to absorb nutrients
53
2 differences of ruminants mouth
Dental pad instead of upper incisors Lots of saliva (sodium bicarbonate- alkaline buffer w/ no sig. enzymes)
54
8 functions of ruminants mouth
Eating: Prehension, mastication, ensalivation, bolus formation Rumination “chewing cud”: regurgitation, remastication, reensalivation, reswallowing
55
4 compartments of ruminant stomach
Rumen (paunch) Reticulum (honeycomb) Omasum (manypiles) Abomasum (true stomach)
56
Appearance and function of rumen
Loaded with fluid (grass floats on top) Millions of papillae Absorbs VFA’s “Gigantic fermentation vat” = produces heat and gas
57
Appearance and function of reticulum
Close to heart Collects heavy feeds to regurgitate
58
Hardwire disease
wire/nails trapped in reticulum and irritate the lining; treat by feeding animal a magnet
59
Appearance and function of omasum
Conical papillae on folds of muscle Absorbs water + secondarily reduces particle size
60
Appearance and function of abomasum
Small inner surface Secrets HCl and gastric fluid Gastric digestion begins
61
Compartment volumes of immature ruminant
Rumen + reticulum 30% Omasum + abomasum 70%
62
Compartment volumes of mature ruminant
Rumen 65-80% Reticulum 5% Omasum 7% Abomasum 8%
63
Proportions of digestive system in mature cattle
Stomach 71% —pre-gastric fermenters Small I. 18% Large I. 11%
64
Proportions of digestive system in mature pigs
Stomach 29% Small I. 34% Large I. 37% (Closest to human)
65
Proportions of digestive system in horse:
Stomach 8% Small I. 25% Large I. 67% - post-gastric fermenters
66
2 factors effecting rumen development
1. Dry feed - amount - characteristics (course grain is best, hay doesn’t do much) 2. Fermentation products (VFA ratios — butyric acid)
67
How does the esophageal groove function?
Closed by suckling action and sends milk straight to abomasum.
68
3 symbiotic relationships
1. Bacteria A helps bacteria B which helps Bacteria C digest food - reason must slowly change ruminant diets 2. Protozoa eat bacteria 3. Host provides a lot
69
Why are no enzymes secreted within the reticulo-rumen?
Food is broken down by microbes
70
5 things host does for bacteria
Provides food Fine grinding: rumination Removes microbial waste constant pH constant temperature
71
3 most common VFA’s
Acetic Acid (2C) Propionic Acid (3C) Butyric Acid (4C)
72
Ranking relative value of proteins
1. Eggs 2. Milk 3. Meat 4. Ruminant (microbial proteins) 5. Plant
73
What two things do microbes break proteins into or use to form amino acids out of NPN
Organic acid and Ammonia (NH3)
74
Define hydrolysis
Breakdown of triglycerides
75
What vitamins are synthesized by ruminant microbes
B complex and K
76
What vitamins must be acquired through ruminant diet.
A and E, sometimes D (sunlight)
77
What 4 gases do microbes produce
1. Nitrogen 2. Ammonia 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Methane
78
Define Eructation
Getting rid of gas; burping
79
Define bloat
Gas build up, froth covers esophageal opening
80
What happens if an animal is overly bloated?
Blocks diaphragm from moving and suffocates animal
81
What 3 material flow from reticule-rumen to omasum
Microorganisms Fermentation products (leftover VFAs) Feed residues (digestible and non-digestible lignin)
82
What is the function of the omasum?
Absorb water
83
Function of abomasum
Gastric digestion- acid, mucous, rennin, pepsin
84
What are the 4 intestinal movements?
Peristalsis - wave from beginning to end Segmented - couple inches of mixing Pendular - back and forth mixing Defacation - only voluntary
85
Where are VFAs absorbed in ruminants?
Rumen
86
What is the significance of the rumen pH?
pH of 6 allows microbes to live and then die when they enter the acidic abomasum.
87
How to make ruminant meat with more unsaturated fat?
Feed bypass lipids and proteins, so feeds are not digested in rumen and fats remain unsaturated.
88
What treatments are used to create bypass lipids and proteins
Heating, roasting, pelleting, kibble (Microbes can’t breakdown denatured proteins)
89
What is the disadvantage to having very soluble food?
Too much food is incompletely digested and then wasted
90
4 types of storage
Bones/ teeth (minerals, Ca, + P) Liver (fat soluble vitamins, B12, glycogen, etc.) Body tissue (varies greatly) Adipose (fat)
91
What is the main difference about how monogastric and ruminants digest lipids?
Mono- remain unsaturated Ruminant- fatty acids get saturated
92
What is the main difference between how monogastric and ruminants digest nitrogen?
Mono- composition is not changed Ruminants composition is changed
93
What is the main difference between how monogastric and ruminants digest vitamins?
Mono- need all vitamins in diet Ruminants- only need A, E, sometimes D (fat soluble except K)
94
What is significant about monogastric and ruminant digestion of minerals?
All animals need full complement of minerals in their diet
95
What are 3 functions of feed stuffs
1. Energy (carbs, lipids, proteins) 2. Building blocks (proteins, minerals, lipids, water) 3. Cofactors (minerals) + coenzymes (vitamins)
96
Define intermediary metabolism
Process where nutrients are converted to simple compounds for use by cells
97
Moles of ATP/100g of carbs, protein, and lipids
Carbs- 4 Proteins- 4 Lipids- 9 (x2.25 more b/c of lower oxygen number)
98
Anabolism vs catabolism
Ana- building (requires energy) Cata- breakdown (release energy)
99
Genesis
To form
100
Lysis
To breakdown
101
Neogenesis
New formation

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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