Labs 11, 3, 6, 9 Flashcards by Ann Sargen

Who establishes guidelines for pet foods?

Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)

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Define “provides complete and balanced nutrition”

Tested on adult animal for 6 months
Young (10 weeks)

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Define “was formulated to meet AAFCO’s nutrient requirements”

Laboratory tested and contains recommended amounts of essential nutrients
(Not nutrient availability or palatability)

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Define “this product is intended for supplemental use only”

Treats

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What two nutrients are listed by their minimum percentages required in pet food?

Crude protein and crude fat

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What two nutrients are listed by the maximum percentages required in pet food?

Crude fiber and moisture

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Ingredients are listed by

Contribution of weight (but does not list actual amounts)

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4 factors influencing nutrients required and feeding instructions?

Age, activity level, breed, environmental influences

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What has a major influence on how much to increase feed for lactating dog?

Litter size

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Kibble for young animals contains more

Calcium and Phosphorus for growing and more crude protein

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Foods designed for older animals will have

Vitamin E- immune system support
Beta carotene (Vitamin A precursor)- for eye sight

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What essential amino acid do cats need by not dogs?

Taurine

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Why do cat foods have more poultry by-product while dogs food is more plant based?

Dogs are omnivores and can digest plant proteins better than cats (carnivores)

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Energy per gram is based on

Fat and protein %s

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What percent protein do most young growing animals need?

20-24%

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Define high quality protein

Contain all the essential amino acids in appropriate quantities and proportions

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Define low quality protein

Are deficient or void of one or more essential amino acid

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Are corn or milk protein high or low quality?

Milk is high quality while corn is low because it is deficient in several amino acids

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What are 2 methods to improve protein quality?

Supplementation and complementation

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Define protein supplementation

Addition of one or more limiting amino acid to the protein source

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Define protein complementation

Combining two low quality protein together to make a higher-quality protein
Offset each other’s limiting amino acids

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Objectives of experiment 3

Determine nutritional value of proteins, protein combinations, or amino acid supplemented proteins

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What is the criterion of experiment 3?

Rate of change of body weight
Collect daily weight and calculate ADG (gm/rat)

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What are the 3 diets fed in experiment 3?

Casein (milk) , zein (corn) , and soy + methionine

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What do the left and right ear indicate in ear-notched system?

Rat’s left = rate number Rat’s right= student group number

List number represented by quadrants in ear-notched system

Quadrant one= 27 9 3 1

Define ad libitum

Free choice

Define compensatory growth

Rapid growth of underfed animal when exposed to ad libitum feeding of completely balanced ration Rapid growth after period of nutrient restriction

What does the extent of compensation depend on?

Degree of, length of, and age of underfeeding period

What criteria can be used to evaluate nutrient adequacy?

Body weight of female, birth weight, rate of gain, weanling weight and survivability

Why was casein selected in experiment 9?

Excellent nutrient value Quantity and quality can be easily regulated

3 objectives of experiment 9?

Effect of level of dietary protein intake of mature pregnant female mouse 1) birth weight of pups at parturition 2) growth rate of pups 3) body weight change during gestation and lactation

What are the 3 different protein percentage groups?

9%, 15%, 20% (6% diet was removed becasue of detrimental effects on pups)

What happens to the diets of the mouse after parturition?

Randomly assigned to 9%, 15%, and 20% groups again for the lactation period. Uniformly distribute any carry-over influence of the gestation period

Types of mathematical problems

As-fed <—> dry matter % of 2 feeds to get desired % protein Determine grams of feed Estimate lbs of feed given animals weight Calculate GE, ME, and NE % nitrogen ADG ADC

What ligament separates mammary into right and left halves?

Median suspensions ligament

How can bacteria enter the mammary system more easily?

Through teat opening

How many lbs of blood pass through udder for 1 lb of milk?

400 lbs

What 3 items pass through inguinal canal?

Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Do arteries or veins have thinner walls?

Veins are thinner Collapse when removed

What are some functions of the lymphatic system?

Kill bacteria Detoxify metabolites Return interstitial fluid to bloodstream

What is the condition when large amounts of lymph accumulate in mammary systems?

Udder edema

What fibrous protein helps to prevent mastitis-causing organisms?

Keratin

What closes the teat end between milkings?

Sphincter muscle

Microscopic milk-producing units contained in lobules?

Alveoli

When does milk collect in alveolus?

Lumen

What cells are affected by oxytocin in mammary system?

Myoepithelial

What causes release of epinephrine (adrenalin) into blood stream and decrease oxytocin effectiveness?

Stress, fright, rough handling

Best to worst ranking for rat diets in experiment 3

Casein Soy + methionine Zein (terrible)

Best to worst diet for chicks in experiment 3

Soy + methionine Casein + arginine + methionine Casein + gelatin Casein Gelatin

What does it mean if there was no change after adding an amino acid to the diet?

That amino acid was not a limiting amino acid

Define nutrient

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal growth, reproduction, lactation, or maintenance of life processes

5 nutrient requirements of animals

1. Nitrogen- essential amino acids 2. Fat- essential fatty acids 3. Essential mineral elements 4. Fat and water soluble vitamins 5. Source of energy

Define concentrates

Contain less than 18% CF on DM basis

Define roughages

Contain more than 18% CF on DM basis

3 preserved roughages

Hay (drying) Haylage (partial drying and bacterial fermentation) Silage (bacterial fermentation)

Why do legumes have higher pH (ex. Alfalfa)

Legumes trap nitrogen, which means they have a high protein content and less carbohydrates Legumes (20% CP) wheat straw (3-4% CP)

What causes the pH to drop?

Corn + starches turn into lactic acid

What contents decline as a plant matures?

Crude protein, soluble carbohydrates, and mineral concentration decline Lignin content increases

3 storage effects on nutrient value

Sun bleaching- loss of carotenes Leaching- rain= soluble carbs and nitrogen loss Store before sufficient drying- heating and mold formation

What is the optimum moisture content at time of harvest?

Corn silage= 65-70% Haylage= 60%

At what pH does fermentation process cease?

PH of 4

5 groups of feedstuffs

1. Energy supplements (<20% CP on DM) 2. Protein supplements (>20% CP) 3. Mineral supplements (natural and pure elements) 4. Vitamin supplements (natural or synthesized substances) 5. Feed additives (antibiotics, flavors, hormones, medicants, coloring material)

Macrominerals in mineral supplements

Salt (NaCl), Ca, P, Mg, S

Trace elements in mineral supplements

Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Zn, Se, Co

How is salt often fed to ruminants?

Ad libitum

Approximate % protein of alfalfa hay harvested at mid-bloom?

16%

How does CP, CF, Ca, and ME change as harvest is delayed?

CP, Ca, ME decrease CF increases

How is CP, Ca, and ME of Timothy grass hay compare to alfalfa hay?

CP and Ca are lower ME is higher

Ground corn vs. corn gluten meal

Ground corn= higher energy - energy supplement Corn gluten meal= higher protein- protein supplement Both concentrates

Compare corn grain vs. oats grain?

Corn grain has more energy Oats has more protein

What is soybean meal a good nutrient source for?

Protein

Contains 40% nitrogen. What is the CP %?

250% CP

Compare brewer’s grain and distiller’s grain

Brewers- from beer production, more fiber, lower energy, Distillers- from ethanol production, Protein supplements

What % DM are most grains?

90%

What temp is oven set to dry samples?

100C to 105C

When does the oven method not work?

With high levels of volatile compounds b/c they are lost in drying as well

Alternate method to determine moisture content?

Moisture meter that depends of electrical conductivity (not as precise)

Check that CM and pH line up correctly. What happened if not?

Ex. CM 40%= pH 4.5 If pH 6 then test for mycotoxins

What are proteins hydrolyzed into in the rumen?

Peptides, amino acids Organic acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide

What gives ruminants the ability to digest cellulose?

Rumen microflora produce enzyme-cellulase that hydrolyzes beta-glucose linkages

What is the result of anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen?

Volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric)

What is a useful method for studying rumen function?

Nylon bag technique suspended with a rumen fistula