Labs 11, 3, 6, 9 Flashcards
Who establishes guidelines for pet foods?
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
Define “provides complete and balanced nutrition”
Tested on adult animal for 6 months
Young (10 weeks)
Define “was formulated to meet AAFCO’s nutrient requirements”
Laboratory tested and contains recommended amounts of essential nutrients
(Not nutrient availability or palatability)
Define “this product is intended for supplemental use only”
Treats
What two nutrients are listed by their minimum percentages required in pet food?
Crude protein and crude fat
What two nutrients are listed by the maximum percentages required in pet food?
Crude fiber and moisture
Ingredients are listed by
Contribution of weight (but does not list actual amounts)
4 factors influencing nutrients required and feeding instructions?
Age, activity level, breed, environmental influences
What has a major influence on how much to increase feed for lactating dog?
Litter size
Kibble for young animals contains more
Calcium and Phosphorus for growing and more crude protein
Foods designed for older animals will have
Vitamin E- immune system support
Beta carotene (Vitamin A precursor)- for eye sight
What essential amino acid do cats need by not dogs?
Taurine
Why do cat foods have more poultry by-product while dogs food is more plant based?
Dogs are omnivores and can digest plant proteins better than cats (carnivores)
Energy per gram is based on
Fat and protein %s
What percent protein do most young growing animals need?
20-24%
Define high quality protein
Contain all the essential amino acids in appropriate quantities and proportions
Define low quality protein
Are deficient or void of one or more essential amino acid
Are corn or milk protein high or low quality?
Milk is high quality while corn is low because it is deficient in several amino acids
What are 2 methods to improve protein quality?
Supplementation and complementation
Define protein supplementation
Addition of one or more limiting amino acid to the protein source
Define protein complementation
Combining two low quality protein together to make a higher-quality protein
Offset each other’s limiting amino acids
Objectives of experiment 3
Determine nutritional value of proteins, protein combinations, or amino acid supplemented proteins
What is the criterion of experiment 3?
Rate of change of body weight
Collect daily weight and calculate ADG (gm/rat)
What are the 3 diets fed in experiment 3?
Casein (milk) , zein (corn) , and soy + methionine
What do the left and right ear indicate in ear-notched system?
Rat’s left = rate number
Rat’s right= student group number
List number represented by quadrants in ear-notched system
Quadrant one= 27
9
3
1
Define ad libitum
Free choice
Define compensatory growth
Rapid growth of underfed animal when exposed to ad libitum feeding of completely balanced ration
Rapid growth after period of nutrient restriction
What does the extent of compensation depend on?
Degree of, length of, and age of underfeeding period
What criteria can be used to evaluate nutrient adequacy?
Body weight of female, birth weight, rate of gain,
weanling weight and survivability
Why was casein selected in experiment 9?
Excellent nutrient value
Quantity and quality can be easily regulated
3 objectives of experiment 9?
Effect of level of dietary protein intake of mature pregnant female mouse
1) birth weight of pups at parturition
2) growth rate of pups
3) body weight change during gestation and lactation
What are the 3 different protein percentage groups?
9%, 15%, 20%
(6% diet was removed becasue of detrimental effects on pups)
What happens to the diets of the mouse after parturition?
Randomly assigned to 9%, 15%, and 20% groups again for the lactation period.
Uniformly distribute any carry-over influence of the gestation period
Types of mathematical problems
As-fed <—> dry matter
% of 2 feeds to get desired % protein
Determine grams of feed
Estimate lbs of feed given animals weight
Calculate GE, ME, and NE
% nitrogen
ADG
ADC
What ligament separates mammary into right and left halves?
Median suspensions ligament
How can bacteria enter the mammary system more easily?
Through teat opening
How many lbs of blood pass through udder for 1 lb of milk?
400 lbs
What 3 items pass through inguinal canal?
Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Do arteries or veins have thinner walls?
Veins are thinner
Collapse when removed
What are some functions of the lymphatic system?
Kill bacteria
Detoxify metabolites
Return interstitial fluid to bloodstream
What is the condition when large amounts of lymph accumulate in mammary systems?
Udder edema
What fibrous protein helps to prevent mastitis-causing organisms?
Keratin
What closes the teat end between milkings?
Sphincter muscle
Microscopic milk-producing units contained in lobules?
Alveoli
When does milk collect in alveolus?
Lumen
What cells are affected by oxytocin in mammary system?
Myoepithelial
What causes release of epinephrine (adrenalin) into blood stream and decrease oxytocin effectiveness?
Stress, fright, rough handling
Best to worst ranking for rat diets in experiment 3
Casein
Soy + methionine
Zein (terrible)
Best to worst diet for chicks in experiment 3
Soy + methionine
Casein + arginine + methionine
Casein + gelatin
Casein
Gelatin
What does it mean if there was no change after adding an amino acid to the diet?
That amino acid was not a limiting amino acid
Define nutrient
Any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal growth, reproduction, lactation, or maintenance of life processes
5 nutrient requirements of animals
- Nitrogen- essential amino acids
- Fat- essential fatty acids
- Essential mineral elements
- Fat and water soluble vitamins
- Source of energy
Define concentrates
Contain less than 18% CF on DM basis
Define roughages
Contain more than 18% CF on DM basis
3 preserved roughages
Hay (drying)
Haylage (partial drying and bacterial fermentation)
Silage (bacterial fermentation)
Why do legumes have higher pH (ex. Alfalfa)
Legumes trap nitrogen, which means they have a high protein content and less carbohydrates
Legumes (20% CP) wheat straw (3-4% CP)
What causes the pH to drop?
Corn + starches turn into lactic acid
What contents decline as a plant matures?
Crude protein, soluble carbohydrates, and mineral concentration decline
Lignin content increases
3 storage effects on nutrient value
Sun bleaching- loss of carotenes
Leaching- rain= soluble carbs and nitrogen loss
Store before sufficient drying- heating and mold formation
What is the optimum moisture content at time of harvest?
Corn silage= 65-70%
Haylage= 60%
At what pH does fermentation process cease?
PH of 4
5 groups of feedstuffs
- Energy supplements (<20% CP on DM)
- Protein supplements (>20% CP)
- Mineral supplements (natural and pure elements)
- Vitamin supplements (natural or synthesized substances)
- Feed additives (antibiotics, flavors, hormones, medicants, coloring material)
Macrominerals in mineral supplements
Salt (NaCl), Ca, P, Mg, S
Trace elements in mineral supplements
Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Zn, Se, Co
How is salt often fed to ruminants?
Ad libitum
Approximate % protein of alfalfa hay harvested at mid-bloom?
16%
How does CP, CF, Ca, and ME change as harvest is delayed?
CP, Ca, ME decrease
CF increases
How is CP, Ca, and ME of Timothy grass hay compare to alfalfa hay?
CP and Ca are lower
ME is higher
Ground corn vs. corn gluten meal
Ground corn= higher energy - energy supplement
Corn gluten meal= higher protein- protein supplement
Both concentrates
Compare corn grain vs. oats grain?
Corn grain has more energy
Oats has more protein
What is soybean meal a good nutrient source for?
Protein
Contains 40% nitrogen. What is the CP %?
250% CP
Compare brewer’s grain and distiller’s grain
Brewers- from beer production, more fiber, lower energy,
Distillers- from ethanol production,
Protein supplements
What % DM are most grains?
90%
What temp is oven set to dry samples?
100C to 105C
When does the oven method not work?
With high levels of volatile compounds b/c they are lost in drying as well
Alternate method to determine moisture content?
Moisture meter that depends of electrical conductivity (not as precise)
Check that CM and pH line up correctly. What happened if not?
Ex. CM 40%= pH 4.5
If pH 6 then test for mycotoxins
What are proteins hydrolyzed into in the rumen?
Peptides, amino acids
Organic acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide
What gives ruminants the ability to digest cellulose?
Rumen microflora produce enzyme-cellulase that hydrolyzes beta-glucose linkages
What is the result of anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen?
Volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric)
What is a useful method for studying rumen function?
Nylon bag technique suspended with a rumen fistula
