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ANSC 201 > Lactation > Flashcards

Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

3 purposes to lactation

A

Nourishment, immunity, quick energy

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2
Q

3 locations for mammary glands

A

Pectoral region: human + elephants
Inguinal region: btw hind legs
Abdominal region: litters

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3
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A

Eject milk

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4
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

Synthesize milk

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5
Q

What does the lactation path look like for animals without cisterns?

A

Alveoli-> ducts -> nipple

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6
Q

How many mammary glands does a cow have?

A

4

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7
Q

How many mammary glands does a ewe have?

A

2

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8
Q

What is unique about a nannies mammary glands?

A

2 and funnel shaped

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9
Q

Describe a mares mammary structure?

A

2 glands
2 lobes per gland
2 streak canals per teat
Broad and flat

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10
Q

Describe mammary structure for sow?

A

10-14 glands
Several lobes per gland
2 streak canals per teat
2 teat cisterns per teat

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11
Q

Define multiparous

A

Many births

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12
Q

Describe a dog mammary structure?

A

10 glands
8-22 streak canals

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13
Q

Describe a cat mammary structure?

A

8 glands
4-8 streak canals

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14
Q

Development of mammary gland prior to birth

A

Mammary streak with primary buds + sprouts
Teats

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15
Q

Development of mammary gland from birth to puberty?

A

Streak canal and teat

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16
Q

Development of mammary gland from puberty to first pregnancy?

A

Major ducts get larger (foundation)

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17
Q

Development of mammary gland during early pregnancy?

A

Large and small ducts

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18
Q

Development of mammary gland during late pregnancy?

A

Alveoli and lobes forming

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19
Q

Development of mammary gland during lactation?

A

Alveoli begin functioning
# declines after peak

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20
Q

Define involution

A

Secretory and ductile tissue regress
Alveoli and lobes regress
“Dry up”
Same term for uterus

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21
Q

Pattern for subsequent lactations

A

Alveoli begin functioning
Alveoli decline
Involution
(Duct system remains)

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22
Q

2 reasons for decline in lactation curve

A

Baby begins on water
Mother becomes pregnant again

23
Q

What does somatotropin do for lactation?

A

Mammary growth prior to puberty
Isometric

24
Q

What does estrogen do for lactation?

A

Duct and cistern growth at puberty onset
Allometric

25
What does progesterone do for lactation?
Alveoli, secretory tissue, and lobes development
26
What does prolactin do for lactation and birds?
Milk formation and secretion Maintain lactation Broodiness in birds
27
What do glucocorticoids, somatotropin, and adrenalcorticotropin do for lactation?
Initiation and maintenance of lactation
28
What does thyroxin do for lactation?
Increase metabolic rate for mammary gland tissues
29
What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do for lactation?
Regulate blood calcium levels by moving blood from bone to bloodstream
30
What does oxytocin do for lactation?
Causes myoepithelial cells to contract Force milk ejection Same for uterine contractions
31
What does adrenal do for lactation?
When mother frightened Vasoconstriction Reduces oxytocin flow
32
What are names, cause, symptoms, and treatment for Hypocalcemia
Parturient Paresis or Milk Fever Caused from immobilized calcium from lacking PTH Symptoms: sheep cannot stand b/c no muscle contractions Treatment: dextrose + calcium
33
What is the importance of gestation termination and lactation initiation?
TIMING: so colostrum is not early or late for babies birth
34
Theory for gestation termination and lactation initiation
High progesterone decreases Prolactin amount and effect
35
How are different nutrients of milk syntehsized?
Water- filtration Minerals + vitamins- selective absorption Casein + lactose + milk fat - cell metabolism
36
What solid component is closest to milk yield and why?
Lactose because it takes the water with it when secreted into lumen
37
Monogastric vs. ruminants glucose metabolism
Mono- carbohydrates from diet into glucose in bloodstream Rumin- propionic acid into glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis)
38
Define lactose synthetase
Only found in lactating tissue Derived from a protein
39
How are proteins synthesized?
In mammary gland from amino acids Casein’s: Kappa, Beta Whey proteins: albumins, globulins
40
Monogastric vs. ruminants milk fat synthesis
Mono- blood lipids + glucose Rumin- blood lipids + acetic acid
41
Monogastric vs. Rumin with vitamin absorption
Mono- need all vitamins in diet Rumin- need vitamins A + E
42
Define milk secretion
Movement of milk into lumen of the alveolus
43
3 cycle of events of milk secretion
Synthesis Secretion Rest
44
Rate of milk secretion
High pressure = slow rate b/c epithelial cells get flattened
45
Compare how milk fat, casein, and lactose are secreted.
Milk fat- takes phospholipid membrane with it Casein + lactose- leave phospholipids in epithelial cell membrane Lactose- takes water with it
46
Define neural hormone process
Nerve impulse triggers hormone release
47
List process of milk- let down w/ oxytocin
Stimuli: suckling or sound Nerves tells hypothalamus to tell posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin Oxytocin travels through bloodstream to udder
48
What interferes with oxytocin effectiveness?
Epinephrine/ Adrenalin
49
Energy balance and weight throughout lactation
Beginning- negative, weight lose Middle- zero, no weight change End- positive, weight gain
50
What are 2 goals for the metabolic profile during lactation
Minimize negative energy balance in the beginning Prevent obesity at the end of
51
Define persistence
How well an animal maintains her milk production level throughout her lactation
52
Compare older and younger animal persistence
Older= higher peak Young= greater persistence Older= more milk
53
Mastitis: cause, symptom, effect
Bacteria, algae, yeast Inflammation/ infection/ swelling of mammary gland Lower milk production = most costly disease in dairy industry
54
Define udder edema
Natural accumulation of fluid in udder before parturition

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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