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ANSC 201 > Lactation > Flashcards

Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

3 purposes to lactation

A

Nourishment, immunity, quick energy

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2
Q

3 locations for mammary glands

A

Pectoral region: human + elephants
Inguinal region: btw hind legs
Abdominal region: litters

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3
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A

Eject milk

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4
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

Synthesize milk

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5
Q

What does the lactation path look like for animals without cisterns?

A

Alveoli-> ducts -> nipple

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6
Q

How many mammary glands does a cow have?

A

4

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7
Q

How many mammary glands does a ewe have?

A

2

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8
Q

What is unique about a nannies mammary glands?

A

2 and funnel shaped

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9
Q

Describe a mares mammary structure?

A

2 glands
2 lobes per gland
2 streak canals per teat
Broad and flat

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10
Q

Describe mammary structure for sow?

A

10-14 glands
Several lobes per gland
2 streak canals per teat
2 teat cisterns per teat

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11
Q

Define multiparous

A

Many births

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12
Q

Describe a dog mammary structure?

A

10 glands
8-22 streak canals

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13
Q

Describe a cat mammary structure?

A

8 glands
4-8 streak canals

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14
Q

Development of mammary gland prior to birth

A

Mammary streak with primary buds + sprouts
Teats

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15
Q

Development of mammary gland from birth to puberty?

A

Streak canal and teat

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16
Q

Development of mammary gland from puberty to first pregnancy?

A

Major ducts get larger (foundation)

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17
Q

Development of mammary gland during early pregnancy?

A

Large and small ducts

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18
Q

Development of mammary gland during late pregnancy?

A

Alveoli and lobes forming

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19
Q

Development of mammary gland during lactation?

A

Alveoli begin functioning
# declines after peak

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20
Q

Define involution

A

Secretory and ductile tissue regress
Alveoli and lobes regress
“Dry up”
Same term for uterus

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21
Q

Pattern for subsequent lactations

A

Alveoli begin functioning
Alveoli decline
Involution
(Duct system remains)

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22
Q

2 reasons for decline in lactation curve

A

Baby begins on water
Mother becomes pregnant again

23
Q

What does somatotropin do for lactation?

A

Mammary growth prior to puberty
Isometric

24
Q

What does estrogen do for lactation?

A

Duct and cistern growth at puberty onset
Allometric

25
Q

What does progesterone do for lactation?

A

Alveoli, secretory tissue, and lobes development

26
Q

What does prolactin do for lactation and birds?

A

Milk formation and secretion
Maintain lactation
Broodiness in birds

27
Q

What do glucocorticoids, somatotropin, and adrenalcorticotropin do for lactation?

A

Initiation and maintenance of lactation

28
Q

What does thyroxin do for lactation?

A

Increase metabolic rate for mammary gland tissues

29
Q

What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do for lactation?

A

Regulate blood calcium levels by moving blood from bone to bloodstream

30
Q

What does oxytocin do for lactation?

A

Causes myoepithelial cells to contract
Force milk ejection
Same for uterine contractions

31
Q

What does adrenal do for lactation?

A

When mother frightened
Vasoconstriction
Reduces oxytocin flow

32
Q

What are names, cause, symptoms, and treatment for Hypocalcemia

A

Parturient Paresis or Milk Fever
Caused from immobilized calcium from lacking PTH
Symptoms: sheep cannot stand b/c no muscle contractions
Treatment: dextrose + calcium

33
Q

What is the importance of gestation termination and lactation initiation?

A

TIMING: so colostrum is not early or late for babies birth

34
Q

Theory for gestation termination and lactation initiation

A

High progesterone decreases Prolactin amount and effect

35
Q

How are different nutrients of milk syntehsized?

A

Water- filtration
Minerals + vitamins- selective absorption
Casein + lactose + milk fat - cell metabolism

36
Q

What solid component is closest to milk yield and why?

A

Lactose because it takes the water with it when secreted into lumen

37
Q

Monogastric vs. ruminants glucose metabolism

A

Mono- carbohydrates from diet into glucose in bloodstream
Rumin- propionic acid into glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis)

38
Q

Define lactose synthetase

A

Only found in lactating tissue
Derived from a protein

39
Q

How are proteins synthesized?

A

In mammary gland from amino acids
Casein’s: Kappa, Beta
Whey proteins: albumins, globulins

40
Q

Monogastric vs. ruminants milk fat synthesis

A

Mono- blood lipids + glucose
Rumin- blood lipids + acetic acid

41
Q

Monogastric vs. Rumin with vitamin absorption

A

Mono- need all vitamins in diet
Rumin- need vitamins A + E

42
Q

Define milk secretion

A

Movement of milk into lumen of the alveolus

43
Q

3 cycle of events of milk secretion

A

Synthesis
Secretion
Rest

44
Q

Rate of milk secretion

A

High pressure = slow rate b/c epithelial cells get flattened

45
Q

Compare how milk fat, casein, and lactose are secreted.

A

Milk fat- takes phospholipid membrane with it
Casein + lactose- leave phospholipids in epithelial cell membrane
Lactose- takes water with it

46
Q

Define neural hormone process

A

Nerve impulse triggers hormone release

47
Q

List process of milk- let down w/ oxytocin

A

Stimuli: suckling or sound
Nerves tells hypothalamus to tell posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin
Oxytocin travels through bloodstream to udder

48
Q

What interferes with oxytocin effectiveness?

A

Epinephrine/ Adrenalin

49
Q

Energy balance and weight throughout lactation

A

Beginning- negative, weight lose
Middle- zero, no weight change
End- positive, weight gain

50
Q

What are 2 goals for the metabolic profile during lactation

A

Minimize negative energy balance in the beginning
Prevent obesity at the end of

51
Q

Define persistence

A

How well an animal maintains her milk production level throughout her lactation

52
Q

Compare older and younger animal persistence

A

Older= higher peak
Young= greater persistence
Older= more milk

53
Q

Mastitis: cause, symptom, effect

A

Bacteria, algae, yeast
Inflammation/ infection/ swelling of mammary gland
Lower milk production = most costly disease in dairy industry

54
Q

Define udder edema

A

Natural accumulation of fluid in udder before parturition

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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