Lecture 8- Nutrients Flashcards
Define nutrients
Any element or compound used in an organism’s metabolism or physiology.
6 classifications of organs
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water (most critical)
What percentage of plants and animals are water?
60-75%
Where does water come from?
- Drinking water
- Food
- Chemical/ metabolic processes= metabolic water, mostly for desert animals
5 Functions of water
Solvent- lubricant
Nutrient transportation
Thermoregulation
Cushion organs
Involved in chemical reactions
At what percentages of water loss is disruption and death.
5%- disruption of body function
15-20% - death
General formula of carbohydrates
(CH20)n
Ex. Glucose C6H1206
Cn(H20)n-1
Ex. Sucrose. C12H22O11
4 categories of Carbohydrates
Sugars, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose
How are carbohydrates formed?
Through photosynthesis
What function do carbohydrates have for plants and animals.
Primary structural component for plant cells
Major source of dietary energy for animals
(Monogastrics; starch, ruminants; cellulose)
5 examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars)
pentoses: ribose (RNA), xylose
hexoses: glucose, galactose, fructose
4 dissaccharides
Cellobiose — glucose, glucose - not easy to digest
Lactose — glucose , galactose
Maltose — glucose glucose - more easily digested
Sucrose — glucose fructose
3 polysaccharides (complex sugars) + extra
starch, hemicellulose, cellulose
Lignin
Explain different linkages
1-4 (amylose, amylopectin, cellulose)
1-6 (amylopectin)
2 components of starch
Amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched)
Hemicellulose is a mixture of ____ and _____. It is ______ digestible than starch and _______ digestible than cellulose.
Pentoses, hexoses, less, more
Cellulose: structure, location, digestibility
Linear glucose chains, constituent of plant cell walls, cross-links make it not easily digested by monogastrics animals
Lignon: what and where
Replaces cellulose as plant matures, not a carbohydrate, only digestible but fungus, in poor quality feeds.
Ex. Wood
4 components of protein
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Calculation to find crude protein
Proteins are 16% N by weight
N x 6.25%= %CP
Structural component for animal cells is
Protein
Quantities of protein in plants and animals.
Pretty consistent for animals
Varies greatly for plants (ex. Corn low and soybean high)
Define non-essential amino acids
One that can be synthesized by an organism at a rate equal to its physiological needs — or just don’t need a lot of
Define essential amino acids:
One that can not be synthesized by the organism at a rate equal to physiological needs; must be included in diet
4 functions of proteins
- Build and repair body tissues
- Enzymes, hormones
- Antibodies, immunoglobulins
- Protection (hair, nails, hooves)
List the 10 essential amino acids
Methionine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Phenylalamine
Valine
Threonine
Young chickens have how many essential amino acids.
11-13
How many essential amino acids do ruminants have?
0
Except for high production situations
What two amino acids are most likely deficient?
Lysine (corn lacks) and methionine (soybean lacks)
Mixture offsets deficiencies
3 effects of protein deficiency
Lower birth/growth rate
Reduced production
Lower fertility
Define limiting amino acid
An essential amino acid in diet in an amount less than required by the animal
Effects of excess protein
Good growth rate
Expensive (carbohydrates are cheaper)
Enlarged kidneys (excess nitrogen leaves body through urine)
Define non-protein nitrogen
Nitrogen in a feed that is not incorporated into a protein molecule
Cannot use N x 6.25 here
Usefulness of Non-protein nitrogen with ruminants
Useful; can combine with carbohydrate source to make protein
Best when protein is expensive
Usefulness of non-protein nitrogen with monogastrics
Not useful; may be toxic if enters bloodstream
most common form of NPN
Urea (contains 40-50% nitrogen)
3 components of lipids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Why do lipids provide 2.25 times the amount of energy than carbohydrates or protein?
Lipids have WAY more carbons for each oxygen so more oxidation can occur.
What are the 3 essential fatty acids for animals?
Linoleic 18^2
Linolenic 18^3
Arachidonic 20^4
Lipids are primarily
Fats and oils (tryglycerides)
Most plants have more ________ fats.
Unsaturated
6 functions of lipids
- Energy source
- Absorb vitamins ADEK
- Cushion/protect organs
- Produce marbling in meat
- Part of cell membranes
- Reduce dustiness in rations
What order do we want our energy source from?
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Protein
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements of the earth
7 macro minerals
Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, S, Cl
8 micro minerals
Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, I, Mo, Se
4 functions of minerals
Co-factors (don’t stay in for the whole chemical reaction)
Structural components
Electrolyte balance
Parts of organic compounds
What mineral does every hormone that goes through the thyroid have?
Iron Fe
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds; required in extremely small amounts for proper functioning
Function of vitamins
Co-enzymes (stay for the whole reaction)
Compare and contrast K and K
Vitamin K vs. potassium
Both can be gotten from many sources
Where do you get vitamin A?
Green forages
What vitamins does the liver have?
All vitamins
Where do B complex vitamins come from?
Green forages, animal products/ by-products, milk-products, beef (B12), pork (Thiamine)
Where does Vitamin D come from?
Exposure to sunlight (sometimes added to winter feed)
Where does vitamin E come from?
Whole grains
Which 2 vitamins are not considered for deficiency cause they are already in feed?
C and K
Define energy
The capacity to do work; is a property of nutrients
Function of carbohydrates
Energy
Function of fats/ lipids
Energy , cell membrane structure
Function of proteins
Structure, regulatory (all hormones and enzymes), energy
Function of minerals
Structure(bones), regulatory (co-factors)
What is the function of vitamins
Regulatory (assist chemical reactions)
What is the function of water?
Structure, regulatory
