Nutritive Value Of Feedstuffs Flashcards
What is chemical analysis?
Determines every vitamin, AA, and mineral
Also expensive and time consuming
What are 6 estimates made in Proximate Analysis?
Water
Ether Extract EE (crude fat)
Crude fiber CF
Crude Protein CP
Ash
Nitrogen-free extract NFE
What is missing from the 6 components of proximate analysis
Vitamins
Who, where, when was Proximate analysis formed?
Experiment Station, Germany
By Henneberg and Stohmann-Weende
1864
What is ADF?
Acid Detergent Fiber
Only cellulose + lignin
(Digestibility)
What are the two measurements from Van Soest?
ADF and NDF
What is NDF?
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose
(Indicates intake)
What is NIR?
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared light to analyze bonds
Fastest and less exact
What is ADC?
Also D/C
Apparent Digestion Coefficient
(Consumed- in feces)/ consumed
Factors influencing digestibility
Fiber contents, rates of passages, packaging, etc.
What is TDN?
Total Digestible Nutrients
(Old method)
1. Proximate analysis
2. Digestion trial
3. Multiple 1 x 2
4. Lipids x 2.25
3 ways to collect current (net energy)
Bomb calorimeter ( burn feed)
Biological partitioning
Respiration calorimeter (animal wears a mask)
What are GE, FE, UE, GPDE, HI?
Gross, feces, urinary, gaseous products of digestion, heat increment
What is DE?
Digestible Energy
DE= GE- FE
What is ME?
Metabolizable Energy
ME= GE-FE-UE- GPDE
Bird labels stop here b/c urine and feces mix
What is NE
Net Energy
NE= GE-FE-UE- GPDE- HI
= energy available for maintenance, growth, lactation
7 factors influencing energy requirements
- Species
- Age
- Activity level
- Production levels
- Environmental temperature
- Nutritional deficiencies (can be masked w/ higher energy)
- Surface area
What is BV?
Biological values
N retained/ N digested x100
Compare relative value proteins
Egg (set to 100)
Milk. 92
Meat. 82
Rumen protein. 80
Plants. varies but lower
3 protein sources
- Animals - fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal
Problems= not palatable, restriction to prevent mad cow disease - Plants - soybean meal, cottonseed meal
- By-product feeds- distiller’s grain, brewer’s grain, bakery waste
What is IU
International Units
Measures fat soluble vitamins
What is ppm?
Parts per million
Measures minerals (along with percents and mg)
Macro minerals are in carcass above 100ppm
Define concentrates
Less than 18% CF
Define roughages
Greater than 18% CF
General rule for how much feed an animal eats per day?
2-4% of body weight/ day
An animal eats to _______
Meet its energy requirements
Define gut fill
What an animal can hold in its GI tract
6 factors influencing feed intake
Physiological state (pregnant, age)
Weight
Activity level
Environmental temperature
Disease status
Palatability
2 places of hypothalamus involvement
Feeding center- eating
Satiety center- stop eating
Monogastric controlling mechanisms
Gut fill= physical regulator
Blood glucose level= chemical regulator
Ruminant controlling mechanisms
Gut fill= physical regulations
VFA’s in blood= chemical regulations
3 proteins that control appetite in hypothalamus
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
— from small intestine, decreases appetite - Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
— from hypothalamus, increase appetite - Leptin
— from adipose, decreases appetite
