Labs 1,2,3,5,10 Flashcards
Flavor of normal milk
Bland + slightly sweet
Flavor of absorbed/transmitted milk defect
Corny, barny, onion, garlic
Milk Absorbed/transmitted flavors are ______.
Reversible
Flavor of bacterial milk defect
Acid, putrid, malty
How do you prevent dangerous microbial flavor milk defects?
Pasteurization
Flavor of oxidative rancidity milk defect
Paper + cardboardy
2 causes of oxidative rancidity in milk
Copper/iron and ultraviolet light
What chemically happens during oxidative rancidity in milks?
The double bond of unsaturated fats is replaced with an oxygen.
Flavor of hydrolytic rancidity milk defect
Bitter + soapy
What chemically happens during hydrolytic rancidity in milk?
Lipase enzymes cut off fatty acids
Homogenization
The process of pressure milk through screens to reduce fat molecule size; used to prevent milk layers from forming.
What are the components of buttermilk?
Water, lactose, proteins, minerals, and water soluble vitamins (B complex + C)
What are the components of butter?
Water, fat, and fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E, + K)
What are the components of sweet whey?
Water, lactose, minerals (all by Ca + P), albumins, globulins, and vitamins
What are the components of a hard curd?
Water, casein, vitamins, enzyme, calcium, and phosphorus
What are the components of acid whey?
Water, lactose, vitamins, all milk minerals, lactic acid
What are the components of soft curds?
Water, casein, albumin, globulins
Lactose is a _____, while sugar is a _____.
Powder, crystal
While candling a high quality egg will have
Less visible yolk and small air cell
While candling a low quality egg will have
Visible and mobile yolk, thinner albumen, and large air cell
4 other impurities visible with candling
Blood spots, meat sports, cracked shell, double yolk
The blastoderm is _____ visible than blastodisk
Less
Fresh fertile refrigerated =
Good quality
Incubated eggs were both
Bad quality (runny)
3 types of impurities in wool
Natural (grease), acquired (dirt), applied (sprays)
Formula for percent yield is
(Weight of clean wool/ weight of grease wool) x 100
Formula for shrinkage is
(Wt. of grease wool- wt. of clean wool)/ wt. of grease wool. X 100
% yield + % shrinkage=
100%
What can left over grease from wool be made into?
Moisturizers
Formula for % stretch
(Stretched length- unstretched)/ unstretched length x 100
Bacteria danger zone is between
40 to 140 degrees F (so keep fridge below 40 degrees F)
Where should you defrost meat?
In the fridge
What temp. Should freezer be below?
0 degrees F
How long can uncooked meat stay in fridge?
1-2 days
How long can cooked meat stay in the fridge?
3-4 days
How long can raw meats stay in the freezer?
3-4 months
What temperature should you reheat all left overs to?
165 degrees F
What is the lowest temperature you can set the oven to for baking?
325 degrees F
What temperature does ground meat need cooked to?
160 degrees F
What temperature does poultry need cooked to?
165 degrees F
What test do you use to determine tenderness?
Warner-Bratzler Shear Test
What are the 4 quality grades of beef
Prime, Choice, Select, Standard
What is the name of the bottle used for Babcock test?
Paley bottle
What is the Babcock value record?
Percent fat
What acid is used in the Babcock method?
Sulfuric acid
Is there a relationship between grade + tenderness
No
Is there a relationship between grade + juiciness?
Yes
Is there a relationship between tenderness + juiciness?
No
Is there a relationship between fat + grade?
Yes
Is there a relationship between fat and tenderness?
No
Is there a relationship between fat and juiciness
Yes
3 categories of products
Pharmaceuticals, biologies/ vaccines, anthelmentics
Pharmaceuticals used to _____ and common issue is
Treat disease, bacteria grow resistant to drug
Define antibiotics
Chemical substance produced by microbes, pharmaceuticals that suppress the growth of other microorganisms, ex. Penicillin, tetracycline, sulfa compounds
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Control a variety of organisms
Define biologicals
Stimulate active immunity against disease, provide antigens so body makes antibodies
4 types of vaccines
Bacteria’s, live bacterial, killed virus, MLV
Define bacteria’s
Killed cultures of bacteria, require several injections and periodic “booster shots”, ex. Blackleg, salmonella, pasteurella
Define live bacterial
Made from living bacteria with less virulence
Define killed virus vaccines
Contain dead virus organisms , require periodic booster injections, safe than MLV
Define modified live virus (MLV) vaccines
Manufactured by growing the virus in a way which permits it to stimulate active immunity while diminishing capability to produce disease, more immune system stimulation than killed virus
Define anthelmentics
Dewormers; given orally to control internal parasites, several times per year
cc stands for
Cubic centimeter
What two factors are important for medication storage
Temperature + light
5 sites of injections
- Intravenous IV - into a vein, medicine works fast
- Intramuscular IM - into muscle,
3.Subcutaneous SQ - under the skin, easiest - Intraperitoneal IP - into abdomen, long needle, can substitute for IV
- Intramammary IMI- into teat cistern
may use IV Catheters instead of repeated injections
Flea Collar (how long does it work, effective compare to oral, chemical function)
Works for an additional 2 months after first 5 months
Not as effective as oral treatment
Etofenprox (a pyrethroid) attacks the nervous system of fleas and ticks
LA-200 (what is it?, 3 diseases treated, injection method, withdrawal periods)
Broad spectrum pharmaceutical
Pneumonia, shipping fever, scours
SQ so no meat scarred
Withdraw 96 hours before milking and 28 days prior to slaughter
Spectramast (disease targeted, withdrawal)
Treat mastitis, withdraw 72 hours before milking, and 2 days before slaughter
Bounce Back (purpose, 3 minerals, dextrose purpose)
Treat Dehydration, minerals= sodium, potassium, chlorine (all from salts), dextrose added for quick energy boost
Corid (administer method, treats for)
In water for bovine coccidiosis
Spectra-5 (how to inject, 5?, 6 reasons not to give to animals, antidote?)
SQ for dogs, provides immunity for 5 different diseases, no animals less than 16 weeks, pregnant, already exposed to disease, stressed, malnutrition, or parasitism, epinephrine in case of anaphylaxis
Duramectin (ivermectin) (category, dosage method)
Anthelmentics, tick marks= 250 lbs,
Needle width and gauge relationship
Wider needles = higher gauge
Needle length and gauge relationship
No relationship
Gauge for horse and cattle needles____
Gauge for goat___
Gauge for dog____
16-18G
18-20G
22G
Maximum cc’s injected in any one points
10 cc
How far apart should injection sites be?
4 inches
Where are cow injections and blood drawn?
Neck, tail, jugular, milk vein
Where are dog injections and blood drawn?
Jugular, neck, forearm
Where are rat injections and blood drawn?
Tail, vein, jugular, intraperitoneal (abdomen)
