Lecture 7- Environmental Physiology, Animal Health Flashcards
Poikilotherms
Cold-blooded
Homeotherms
Warm-blooded
Why should barns be designed for different temperatures than our homes?
Animals have different resting body temperatures.
Intensive management
Environment is highly controlled
Extensive management
Less producer control over environment, animals adapt to fit environment
4 types of heat transfer
Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation (only one that can also gain heat)
Define conduction
Between objects that are touching
Define convection
By air or water movement
Define radiation
Between objects that are not touching
Define evaporation
Moisture leaving from skin and respiratory tract
Define TNZ
The range of ambient temperatures in which an animal can maintain thermal balance by physical means of heat transfer, where heat production and heat loss are about the same.
4 adaptions to cold stress
Increase feed intake (Thyroxin)
Reduce blood flow
Shiver, hunch, huddle
Increase body insulation (long term)
2 ways to control cold stress
Provide wind breaks and keep animals dry
8 adaptions to heat stress
- Water consumption increase
- Respiration increase
- Perspiration increase
- Blood vessels dilate
- Increase SA
- Decrease body insulation
- Less activity
- Lower feed intake
4 ways to control heat stress
Shade
Evaporative cooling (sprinkler + fan)
Refrigerative cooling
Always have water
How to adjust protein ration during cold?
Decrease protein %
How to adjust protein ration in heat?
Increase protein density + add electrolytes
Other stresses
noise, new animals, predators, overcrowding, poor sanitation, mud!, High altitude- low oxygen= Hypoxia (brisket disease)
Define disease
Any deviation from a normal state of health
Define contagious disease
Infectious disease; can be transmitted from one animal to another
Define mortality
Measurement of death
Define morbidity
Measurement of illness
Define toxin
Harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms
Define poison
Harmful chemicals sourced from a plant or manufactured material
Ex. Plants high in nitrogen during droughts
1 characteristics of a virus and nickname
Lack cytoplasm “natures little hijackers”
4 Control methods for viruses
Isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines, NOT antibiotics
3 Characteristics of bacteria
Single-celled
Shapes: rod, spirilla, cocci
Damage with toxins
Define pathogenicity
Number of pathogens needed to cause a disease
3 methods to control bacteria
Antibodies, vaccines, culling (get rid of animal)
5 Characteristics of Protozoa
Single-celled (larger than bacteria)
Very host specific
Damage digestive tracts lining
Hinder digestion and absorption
Cause diarrhea
2 Prevention methods of Protozoa
Coccidiostats in feed
Anticoccidial drugs in water
Fungi (3)
Single celled plants
Difficult to treat
Molds produce mycotoxins
Life cycle of roundworms
- Release eggs in feces
- Larvae burrow into intestinal wall
Create nutritional deficiencies or block intestines
Defintion of tapeworms
Flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles (= part of cycle in indirect host)
Life cycle of tapeworms
- Head embedded in intestinal lining
- Segments grow with both male and female gonads
- Eggs in segments
- Segments detach into feces
Harder than roundworms, embedded head can keep growing segments
4 Types of flies
Horn flies + stable flies suck blood
Heel flies
Face fly
Life cycle of heel fly
- Lay eggs on cattle legs
- Larvae climb through connective tissue (5-6months)
- Grubs on cow’s back (zits)
Disrupt leather quality
Fleas and ticks spread disease through _____ and are controlled by _______.
Direct contact, chemical treatments
8 ways to prevent diseases
- Vet planning - vaccines
- Sanitation - dispose of dead
- Nutrition - vitamin E + selenium (immunity)
- Record analysis
- Proper identification - US lags
- Proper facilities
- Monitoring sources and identification of livestock
- Pharmaceuticals and biological
Antiseptics are applied
To the animal
Disinfectants are applied
To facilities, they are stronger
Monitoring sources and Identification of Livestock consists of …
Purchase from farms with same health-management programs
Control people and vehicle flow “shower-in, shower-out”
Isolate new animals
Control insects, rodents, birds, “family farm dog” (disease carrying organisms)
Keep off drainage areas + water
Biosecurity simple definitions
Preventing introduction of disease agents
Pharmaceuticals are used to
Treat disease
Biological are used to
Prevent disease (vaccines)
Passive immunity
Acquired through colostrum
Active immunity
Production of antibodies by natural exposure to administering vaccines
Define Anthelmentics
Drugs given to kill internal parasites; typically orally
4 ways to administer pharmaceuticals and biological
- Topically; on the skin
- Orally; feeding, drenching, balling guns
- Injections; SQ, IM, IP, IMI
- Nasally?
2 other health problem categories
Predators + injuries (lacerations, frostbite, lameness)
4 Nutritional deficiencies
Low levels of nutrients in diet
Impaired digestion/absorption
Failure of body to make naturally synthesized nutrient
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
Metabolic disorders process and 3 examples
Blockage/ alterations of pathways
Examples:
Hypocalcemia - low Ca in bloodstream
Acidosis - high lactic acid = low stomach pH
Ketosis - mobilize fat, smelling breath, old health fad
Detecting sick animals
Visual: lack of appetite, depressed, isolation from herd, breathing difficulty (4 legged= droopy ears, hump back)
Vital: temperature, respiration rate, heart rate
Define zoonoses
Disease that can be passed between humans and animals
Ex. Rabies, brucellosis , salmonellosis, pink eye
2 main purposes for ventilation systems
Decrease high humidity and decrease ammonia levels (ammonia causes watery eyes, and respiratory problems)
Ventilation system in high temps
Cool air enters, heats up + adds moisture, and is expelled
