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ANSC 201 > Lecture 7- Environmental Physiology, Animal Health > Flashcards

Lecture 7- Environmental Physiology, Animal Health Flashcards

1
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Cold-blooded

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2
Q

Homeotherms

A

Warm-blooded

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3
Q

Why should barns be designed for different temperatures than our homes?

A

Animals have different resting body temperatures.

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4
Q

Intensive management

A

Environment is highly controlled

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5
Q

Extensive management

A

Less producer control over environment, animals adapt to fit environment

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6
Q

4 types of heat transfer

A

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation (only one that can also gain heat)

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7
Q

Define conduction

A

Between objects that are touching

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8
Q

Define convection

A

By air or water movement

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9
Q

Define radiation

A

Between objects that are not touching

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10
Q

Define evaporation

A

Moisture leaving from skin and respiratory tract

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11
Q

Define TNZ

A

The range of ambient temperatures in which an animal can maintain thermal balance by physical means of heat transfer, where heat production and heat loss are about the same.

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12
Q

4 adaptions to cold stress

A

Increase feed intake (Thyroxin)
Reduce blood flow
Shiver, hunch, huddle
Increase body insulation (long term)

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13
Q

2 ways to control cold stress

A

Provide wind breaks and keep animals dry

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14
Q

8 adaptions to heat stress

A
  1. Water consumption increase
  2. Respiration increase
  3. Perspiration increase
  4. Blood vessels dilate
  5. Increase SA
  6. Decrease body insulation
  7. Less activity
  8. Lower feed intake
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15
Q

4 ways to control heat stress

A

Shade
Evaporative cooling (sprinkler + fan)
Refrigerative cooling
Always have water

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16
Q

How to adjust protein ration during cold?

A

Decrease protein %

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17
Q

How to adjust protein ration in heat?

A

Increase protein density + add electrolytes

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18
Q

Other stresses

A

noise, new animals, predators, overcrowding, poor sanitation, mud!, High altitude- low oxygen= Hypoxia (brisket disease)

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19
Q

Define disease

A

Any deviation from a normal state of health

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20
Q

Define contagious disease

A

Infectious disease; can be transmitted from one animal to another

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21
Q

Define mortality

A

Measurement of death

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22
Q

Define morbidity

A

Measurement of illness

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23
Q

Define toxin

A

Harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms

24
Q

Define poison

A

Harmful chemicals sourced from a plant or manufactured material
Ex. Plants high in nitrogen during droughts

25
1 characteristics of a virus and nickname
Lack cytoplasm “natures little hijackers”
26
4 Control methods for viruses
Isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines, NOT antibiotics
27
3 Characteristics of bacteria
Single-celled Shapes: rod, spirilla, cocci Damage with toxins
28
Define pathogenicity
Number of pathogens needed to cause a disease
29
3 methods to control bacteria
Antibodies, vaccines, culling (get rid of animal)
30
5 Characteristics of Protozoa
Single-celled (larger than bacteria) Very host specific Damage digestive tracts lining Hinder digestion and absorption Cause diarrhea
31
2 Prevention methods of Protozoa
Coccidiostats in feed Anticoccidial drugs in water
32
Fungi (3)
Single celled plants Difficult to treat Molds produce mycotoxins
33
Life cycle of roundworms
1. Release eggs in feces 2. Larvae burrow into intestinal wall Create nutritional deficiencies or block intestines
34
Defintion of tapeworms
Flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles (= part of cycle in indirect host)
35
Life cycle of tapeworms
1. Head embedded in intestinal lining 2. Segments grow with both male and female gonads 3. Eggs in segments 4. Segments detach into feces Harder than roundworms, embedded head can keep growing segments
36
4 Types of flies
Horn flies + stable flies suck blood Heel flies Face fly
37
Life cycle of heel fly
1. Lay eggs on cattle legs 2. Larvae climb through connective tissue (5-6months) 3. Grubs on cow’s back (zits) Disrupt leather quality
38
Fleas and ticks spread disease through _____ and are controlled by _______.
Direct contact, chemical treatments
39
8 ways to prevent diseases
1. Vet planning - vaccines 2. Sanitation - dispose of dead 3. Nutrition - vitamin E + selenium (immunity) 4. Record analysis 5. Proper identification - US lags 6. Proper facilities 7. Monitoring sources and identification of livestock 8. Pharmaceuticals and biological
40
Antiseptics are applied
To the animal
41
Disinfectants are applied
To facilities, they are stronger
42
Monitoring sources and Identification of Livestock consists of …
Purchase from farms with same health-management programs Control people and vehicle flow “shower-in, shower-out” Isolate new animals Control insects, rodents, birds, “family farm dog” (disease carrying organisms) Keep off drainage areas + water
43
Biosecurity simple definitions
Preventing introduction of disease agents
44
Pharmaceuticals are used to
Treat disease
45
Biological are used to
Prevent disease (vaccines)
46
Passive immunity
Acquired through colostrum
47
Active immunity
Production of antibodies by natural exposure to administering vaccines
48
Define Anthelmentics
Drugs given to kill internal parasites; typically orally
49
4 ways to administer pharmaceuticals and biological
1. Topically; on the skin 2. Orally; feeding, drenching, balling guns 3. Injections; SQ, IM, IP, IMI 4. Nasally?
50
2 other health problem categories
Predators + injuries (lacerations, frostbite, lameness)
51
4 Nutritional deficiencies
Low levels of nutrients in diet Impaired digestion/absorption Failure of body to make naturally synthesized nutrient Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
52
Metabolic disorders process and 3 examples
Blockage/ alterations of pathways Examples: Hypocalcemia - low Ca in bloodstream Acidosis - high lactic acid = low stomach pH Ketosis - mobilize fat, smelling breath, old health fad
53
Detecting sick animals
Visual: lack of appetite, depressed, isolation from herd, breathing difficulty (4 legged= droopy ears, hump back) Vital: temperature, respiration rate, heart rate
54
Define zoonoses
Disease that can be passed between humans and animals Ex. Rabies, brucellosis , salmonellosis, pink eye
55
2 main purposes for ventilation systems
Decrease high humidity and decrease ammonia levels (ammonia causes watery eyes, and respiratory problems)
56
Ventilation system in high temps
Cool air enters, heats up + adds moisture, and is expelled

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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