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Biology Y10 and Y11 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. population can be increased rapidly
  2. can exploit suitable environments quickly
  3. time and energy sufficient
  4. reproduction is completed much faster than sexual reproduction
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3
Q

what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. limited genetic variation in population
  2. population is vulnerable to changes in conditions and may only be suited for one habitat
  3. disease is likely to affect the whole population as there is no genetic variation
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4
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

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5
Q

what is fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei of gametes

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6
Q

what is the nuclei of gametes and zygote

A

haploid for gametes and diploid for zygote

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7
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. increases genetic variation
  2. species can adapt to new environments due to variation- a survival advantage
  3. disease is less likely to affect population due to variation
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8
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. takes time and energy to find males
  2. difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce
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9
Q

parts of an insect- pollinated flower

A

sepals, petals, stamens, filaments, anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules

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10
Q

function of sepal

A

protects unopened flower

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11
Q

function of petals

A

brightly colored to attract insects

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12
Q

function of anthers

A

produces and releases the male sex cells (pollen)

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13
Q

function of filaments

A

holds anther in position

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14
Q

function of style

A

connects the stigma to the ovary

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15
Q

function of stigma

A

top of female part that collects pollen grains

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16
Q

function of ovary

A

produces the female sex cell

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17
Q

function of ovule

A

in the ovary and it contains the female sex cells

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18
Q

what is pollination

A

the transfer of a pollen grain from an anther to a stigma

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19
Q

what is self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

20
Q

what is cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

21
Q

potential effects of self- pollination and cross-pollination on a population

A

cross- pollination improves genetic variation whereas self pollination reduces genetic variety of an offspring. This is negative because if environmental conditions change it is likely that any offspring will have adaptations that suit the new conditions well.
cross-pollination relies on pollinators whereas wind- pollinated plants do not

22
Q

what is fertilisation

A

occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

23
Q

structural adaptations of insect-pollinated

A

of pollen grains- moderate- insects transfer pollen grains efficiently with a high chance of successful pollination

petals- large and brightly coloured to attract insects
scent and nectar- present- makes insects visit flower and push stame to get to nectar
# of pollen grains- moderate- insects transfer pollen grains efficiently with a high chance of successful pollination
pollen grains- large, sticky/spiky to attach to insects and be carried away
Anthers- inside flower, stiff and firmly attached to brush against insects
Stigma- inside flower, sticky so pollen grains stick to it when insect brushes past

24
Q

structural adaptations of wind- pollinated flowers

A

Petals- small and dull, often green or brown
Scent and nectar- absent- no need to waste energy producing these
# of pollen grains- large amounts- most pollen are not transferred to another flower
Pollen grains- smooth, small and light so they are easily blown by the wind
Anthers- outside flower, swinging loose on long filaments to release pollen grains easily
Stigma- outside flower, feathery to catch drifting pollen grains

25
Q

describe the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds

A

water- allows seed to swell up and the enzymes in the embryo to start working for growth
oxygen- so that energy can be released for germination
warmth- as temperature rises the reaction which take place are controlled by enzymes improve

26
Q

describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule

A
  1. when the right kind of pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube is formed
  2. the nucleus ships down the tube as it grows down the style towards the ovary
  3. the ovary contains one or more ovules, which each contain and ovum with a female nucleus that a male pollen nucleus fuses with
  4. the nuclei join together therefore the ovule has been fertilised and a zygote has been formed
  5. the zygote will divide and eventually form a seed within the ovule
27
Q

functions of the male reproductive system

A

Testes- produces sperm and produces testosterone
Scrotum- sac supporting the testes outside the body to ensure sperm are kept at temperature lower than body temperature
Sperm ducts- sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation
Glands- produces fluid called semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients
Urethra- tube that can carry out semen or urine/ has ring of muscle in the urethra prevents urine and semen from mixing
Penis- allows semen to pass into the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse

28
Q

describe fertilisation in humans

A

the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)

29
Q

adaptive features of a sperm

A
  • has flagellum to swim to egg
  • lots of mitochondria to provide energy to reach the egg
  • has acrosome in order to digest the egg membrane and penetrate the egg cell membrane
30
Q

adaptive feature of egg cells

A
  • cytoplasm contains food storages for early development of zygote
  • jelly containing changes at fertilisation to not allow the entry of any more sperm
31
Q

compare male and female gametes

A

size- the sperm is very small and the egg is large
structure- the sperm has a flagellum and head and the egg has a round cell and covered with jelly coating
motility- the sperm is capable of locomotion and the egg is not capable of locomotion
numbers- the sperm produced in high #’s and the egg thousands of immature eggs in each ovary/ each month

32
Q

state fertilisation in early development

A

the zygote forms and embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the lining of the uterus

33
Q

functions of the placenta

A
  1. exchange of soluble materials such as foods (amino acids and glucose), wastes and oxygen
  2. physical attachment of the fetus to the wall of the uterus
  3. protection: 1. of fetus from mother’s immune system
    2. against dangerous fluctuations in mother’s blood pressure
  4. secretion of hormones which maintain the lining of the uterus as the corpus luteum, breaks down by 3rd month
34
Q

functions of the umbilical cord

A

After 11 weeks, the embryo becomes a fetus, which is joined by the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord has 2 arteries and a vein. The artery take blood from the fetus into the placenta and vein returns the blood to the fetus.

35
Q

what is a sexually transmitted infection

A

an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

36
Q

what is HIV

A

It is a Human Immunodeficiency virus is a pathogen that causes STI and this leads to the development of AIDS

37
Q

Describe methods of transmission of HIV

A
  1. sharing needles
  2. blood transfusions
  3. mother to fetus through the placenta
  4. mother to baby via breastfeeding
38
Q

functions of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries- contains ova which will mature and develop when hormones are released
oviduct- connects the ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it, fertilisation happens here
uterus- muscular bag with a soft lining where the fertilised egg will be implanted to develop into a fetus
cervix- ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep developing fetus in place
vagina- muscular tube that leads to the inside of the woman’s body, where the male’s penis will enter during sex and sperm are deposited

38
Q

explain ow the spread of STIs is controlled

A
  1. limiting the number of sexual partners an individual has
  2. not having unprotected sex, always use a condom
  3. getting tested
  4. education programmes
39
Q

Oestrogen function during puberty

A

they are produced in the ovaries (also by the placenta)
- development of female secondary sexual characteristics, e.g. enlargement of breasts growth of pubic hair and armpit hair, widening of hips

40
Q

oestrogen function from puberty onwards

A
  • involved in monthly preparation of egg release via the menstrual cycle until menopause. Also roles during pregnancy
41
Q

testosterone function during puberty

A

produced in testes.
- development of male secondary sexual characteristics, e.g. enlargement of testes and penis, growth of hair, e.g. in chest, face and pubic region, deepening of voice

41
Q

steps of menstruation

A
  • at the start of the cycle, the cycle has broken down (menstruation)
  • the hormone FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is released from the pituitary gland
  • FSH causes the maturation of a follicle in the ovary. A follicle is fluid- filled sac which contains the developing ovum. FSH also stimulates the secretion of oestrogen
    = oestrogen is produced in the ovary and stimulates the repair of the uterus lining so that it becomes thicker in preparation for implantation. Oestrogen also promotes the secretion of LH
  • when the follicle is mature, FSH and LH (luteinizing hormone) are secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulate the release of the ovum in the oviduct (ovulation)
  • the remaining cells of the follicle (stimulated by LH) become the corpus leuteum in the ovary which secretes progesterone
  • progesterone maintains the thickness of the uterus lining for implanta
42
Q

testosterone function from puberty onwards

A

causes sperm production

42
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

it controls the development of mature ova and prepares the lining of the uterus to receive an embryo. In females on ovum is produced approximately every 28 days

Biology Y10 and Y11 (22 decks)

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