Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a nervous system

A

coordinates and regulates body function

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2
Q

describe the mammalian nervous system

A
  • the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
  • the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
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3
Q

types of neurons

A

motor neuron, relay neuron and sensory

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4
Q

what is a motor neurone

A

long and have a cell body at one end with long dendrites branching off. Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

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5
Q

cell body

A

controls the metabolism of nerve cell

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6
Q

dendrites

A

‘collect’ information from other cells

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7
Q

axon

A

a long fibre which carries information away from the cell body, sometimes over long distance

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8
Q

fatty sheath made of myelin

A

gives electrical insulation between neighboring cells and speeds up transmission

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9
Q

end plate

A

synapses with another nerve cell, a muscle or a gland

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10
Q

what is a sensory neurone

A

long and have cell body branching off the middle of an axon. Carry impulses from the sense organ to the CNS

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11
Q

what is a relay neurone

A

short and are located in the CNS, connecting sensory and motor neurones

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12
Q

what’s a reflex action

A

a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands)

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13
Q

example of reflex action

A

moving you hand away from a hot object, coughing, pupil contraction, knee jerk

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14
Q

what’s a reflex arc

A

the nerve pathway involved in the reflex action

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15
Q

spinal reflex neurone pathway

A

receptor to sensory neurone to relay neurone to motor neurone to motor neurone to effector (muscle or gland)

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16
Q

what is a nerve impulse

A

an electrical signal that passes alone neurones. also called action potential

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17
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction between two neurones between axon terminal of one neurone and dendrite of next

18
Q

what occurs in the synapse

A
  1. impulse goes down neurone
  2. vesicles with NT move to membrane and fuse with it
  3. NT is released
  4. NT diffuses across synaptic gap
  5. NT binds to a specific protein receptor on the membrane of post-synpatic neurone
  6. impulse generated in post- synpatic neurone
19
Q

what are sense organs

A

groups of receptor cells that detect and respond to specific stimuli
e.g. light, sound touch, temperature, chemicals

20
Q

examples of sense organs

A

eyes,ears,skin,nose,tongue

21
Q

what are receptors

A

the structure that detects the stimulus

22
Q

examples of receptors

A

photoreceptors - light
chemoreceptors (tongue) - chemicals
thermoreceptors (skin) - temperature change

23
Q

what are transducers

A

they convert one type of energy (light) into chemical energy of a nerve impulse

24
Q

cornea

A

transparent layer- refracts light

25
Q

iris

A

the coloured part- expands and contracts to control how much light enters the pupil

26
Q

pupil

A

the black part- opening which lets light in

27
Q

retina

A

contains light receptors (rods and cones)

28
Q

lens

A

refracts light and focuses light on retina

29
Q

optic nerve

A

carries impulses from retina to brain (sensory nerves)

30
Q

blind spot

A

exit point of nerve- no receptors, so light falling there is not detected

31
Q

fovea (yellow spot)

A

has the highest density of cones- offers maximum sharpness- works fully at bright light (located at central part of retina)

32
Q

ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament

A

together with the lens, the control focusing of light (accommodation)

33
Q

how a sharp image is formed on the retina

A

an image is formed when rays of light from an object are brought together (focused) into the retina

34
Q

what is accommodation

A

the ability of the lens system to produce a sharp image of objects at different distances

35
Q

what happens to the eye distant object

A
  • light needs to be refracted (bent) less
  • ciliary muscles relax, eyeball becomes spherical
  • ligaments are tight
  • lens is pulled long and thin
36
Q

what happens to the eye
close object

A
  • light must be greatly refracted (bent)
  • ciliary muscles contract, pull eyeball inwards (eyeball bulges forward)
  • ligaments relax
  • lens becomes short and fat
37
Q

what is the pupil reflex

A

pupil diameter changes when exposed to different light intensities
- automatic reflex action

38
Q

how does pupil reflex happen

A
  • in bright light: circular muscles of iris contract – diameter decreases
  • in dim light: radical muscles contract + circular relax – diameter increases
39
Q

what does the retina contain

A

contains two types of photoreceptors (light sensitive cells) : rods and cones

40
Q

what are rods

A
  • sensitive to low light intensity/ needed for night vision
  • packed around edge of retina
41
Q

what are cones

A
  • enable to distinguish colour
  • 3 types (for red, green, blue)
  • work only under high light intensity
  • packed at the center of the retina