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Biology Y10 and Y11 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of waxy cuticle

A

Water resistant- decreases water loss from evaporation and water glides off

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2
Q

Function of upper epidermis

A

Thin, protective and transparent to allow free passage of light

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3
Q

Function of palisade layer

A

Compact cell, layer full of chloroplasts, dense packing allows the maximum amount of light energy absorbed

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4
Q

Function of spongy mesophyll

A

Gaps allow fast diffusion of gases

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5
Q

Function of the vein

A

Xylem Carrie’s minerals and water from the roots
Phloem Carrie’s nutrients (sucrose) from the leaves

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6
Q

Function of guard cell

A

Controls stomata opening and closing

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7
Q

Function of stoma

A

A gap that allows gases through CO2 and H2O and O2

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8
Q

Stomata control

A

Water entering the guard cells by osmosis causes the cells to become turgid. This results in the pushing away and there by opening the stoma. In low water conditions, the water in the guard cells leave by osmosis. Guard cells become flaccid and close the stoma.

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9
Q

Requirements for photosynthesis

A
  • the availability of light
  • the presence of a pigment to absorb the light
  • a supply of carbon dioxide and water
  • a temperature suitable for enzyme activity
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10
Q

Why do plants need nitrate

A

Plants need nitrate to be able to join with glucose to produce amino acids that are then used to form proteins . A shortage of nitrate, the plant will reduce it rate of photosynthesis because it will need fewer sugars to make amino acids. Stunted growth, yellowing leaves, poor seed development

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11
Q

Testing for starch

A
  1. Collect leaf samples: A) has been covered with black paper
    B) has been left exposed
  2. Dip the leaves in boiling water - kills the cells to stop metabolic activity- soften up the leaf
  3. Dip the boiled leaves in ethanol- chlorophyll is soluble in ethanol so it leaves the leaf - will look brown
  4. Dip the leaves in water again
  5. Add iodine to the leaf

Hypothesis- A) covered leaf: negative ( iodine remains brown)

                 B) exposed leaf: positive ( iodine turns starch black/ blue)
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12
Q

What is the use of the availability of light

A

Light provides the energy that drives photosynthesis by splitting water molecules

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13
Q

Light energy absorbed by a plant depends on what

A
  • the intensity of the light source
    -v the wavelength of the light
  • the length of time that the light is available
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14
Q

What is the use of cholorophyll

A

Chlorophyll is essential for the absorption of light energy. The synthesis of chlorophyll requires magnesium ions, which must be supplied from the soil

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15
Q

What is the use of carbon dioxide

A

Carbon dioxide concentration has a major influence on the rate of photosynthesis because it is the substrate that is in shortest supply there is almost always enough water

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16
Q

What does temperature affect

A

Temperature affects the rate of enzyme activity. A 10C rise in temperature can cause a doubling in the rate of enzyme activity, higher temperatures cause denaturation. This is important both on leaves, enzymes involved directly in photosynthesis and in roots involved in active transport of mineral ions

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17
Q

Equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——-> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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18
Q

Factors of photosynthesis

A
  • temperature
  • light intensity
  • CO2 concentration
  • surface areas of leaves
  • stomatal density
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19
Q

Factor of temperature on photosynthesis

A

Overall kinetic energy increases so substrates and enzymes meet and react more often. The limit of reaction increase is around 50C since enzymes denature

20
Q

how to measure the rate of photosynthesis

A

A) Underwater set up with pondweed
B) Potometer

21
Q

How do you use the method of underwater set up with pondweed

A

bubbles/time = rate
volume of O2/ time = rate

22
Q

how to use the method of potometer

A

Δd/t = rate
measure how far the bubble moves in given amount of time

23
Q

why is transpiration rate related to photosynthesis rate

A

water is needed for photosynthesis which is brought by the transipiration stream. Photosynthesis also needs CO2 which is obtained from stomata. Open stomata causes loss of water vapour which speeds up the transpiration rate

24
Q

what are the indicator for photosynthesis experiments

A
  • hydrogen carbonate indicator
  • lime water indicator
25
Q

what is the hydrogen carbonate indicator

A
  • normally a pink hue
  • in acidic conditions turns yellow
    -in more alkali environment it turns violet/ purple
26
Q

what is the limewater indicator

A

-normally transparent/ colourless
- with CO2 turns milky white/ opaque

27
Q

what are the result when the leaf is exposed to light

A

photosynthesis takes the CO2 thereby reducing acidity
CO2 + H2O —–> carbonic acid

28
Q

hat are the results when the leaf is in darkness

A

respiration and no photosynthesis increases CO2 concentration more acidic

29
Q

all nutrients in plants

A

carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
magnesium

30
Q

what does the carbon nutrient do

A

it is used to make glucose into starch and is also used for all organic molecules

31
Q

what does the nitrogen nutrient do

A

it is converted in soil into ammonia and then nitrates. Nitrates used to make amino acids and nucleotides for DNA & RNA

32
Q

what does the phosphorous nutrient do

A

in phosphate form to make nucleotides

33
Q

what does the potassium nutrient do

A

for protein production

34
Q

what does the magnesium nutrient do

A

used for chlorophyll production

35
Q

examples of natural fertilizers

A

manure and compost

36
Q

Pros and Cons of natural fertilizers

A

Pros- sustainable, no harmful chemicals involved
Cons- odor, time needed, nutrient/ mineral component not consistent

37
Q

Pros and Cons of chemical fertilizers

A

pros- easily and readily accessible, know exactly how much of each nutrient/ mineral you are adding to you fild/ crop
cons- easy to over use, top layer gets washed away, run off causes algal bloom( eutrification), more expensive

38
Q

whats good about greenhouses

A

are transparent to allow light through and light energy is absorbed and released as thermal energy which heats up the greenhouse

39
Q

hat are paraffin lamps

A

you install paraffin lamps in greenhouses to release CO2 and increase the concentration beyond atmosphere concentrations

40
Q

what is the compensation point

A

when the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration

41
Q

what should be controlled in greenhouses

A

intensity- higher intensity leads to more photosynthesis until some other limiting factors intervenes
quality- photosynthesis is most efficient at red and blue wavelengths: white light contains some wavelengths (green) which are not useful
duration- if fruit is desired product, the plant must flower: flowering is controlled by day length (the duration of light in a 24- hour period)
- artificial lighting systems are more controllable

42
Q

explain why temperature has effect on the rate of photosynthesis

A

temperature increase leads to an increase of kinetic energy in substrates allowing for them to have successful collisions more often. However, when the temperature increases too much, the enzymes denature causing the plant to die

43
Q

discuss the advantages of growing crops in glasshouses

A
  • light goes through which plants need + heat gets trapped
  • can protect from pests
  • can control carbon dioxide concentration (parassin lamps)
  • can control temperature regardless of the season (heaters)
  • can control water supply and minerals, nutrients
  • hydroponides (when you grow plants in water)
44
Q

Describe how the palisade layer is adapted to maximize photosynthesis

A

The palisade layer is compact, it has a high chloroplast concentration, it is located near the surface and therefore has access to light and its large central vacuoles, presses chlorplasts on the edge, all of which help maximize photosynthesis

45
Q

Describe the function of stomata

A

they are gaps in leafs located next guard cells that allow gases to enter and exit the cell (gas exchange). They open depending on the plants needs and close when in dry conditions to limit water loss and prevent wilting

46
Q

./explain the effects of nitrate ion deficiency on plant growth

A

stunted growth, yellowing leaves, reduced seed and production and poor root developement which makes plants susceptible to disease

Biology Y10 and Y11 (22 decks)

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