Repevant Exam Flash Cards Type 2 Diabetes

Question 1

What are the primary characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)?

Answer 1

• Metabolic condition: Insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation.
• Symptoms: Hyperglycemia, fatigue, excessive thirst, frequent urination.
• Complications: Cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney disease.

Question 2

Why is exercise important for managing Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 2

Exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity, aids in weight management, and can lower blood sugar levels.

Question 3

Why is exercise important for managing Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 3

• Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscles.
• Reduces blood glucose levels and HbA1.
• Enhances cardiovascular fitness, reducing the risk of comorbidities.
• Supports weight management and improves lipid profiles.

Question 4

What types of exercise are most effective for Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 4

1. Aerobic exercise: Walking, cycling, or swimming (30-60 minutes, 5 days per week).
2. Resistance training: 2-3 days per week, targeting all major muscle groups.
3. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Short bursts of high-intensity exercise improve glucose control.
4. Flexibility and balance exercises: To reduce fall risk in older adults.

Question 5

What is the first mechanism by which exercise benefits 2D?

Answer 5

Muscle glucose uptake: Exercise stimulates GLUT-4 translocation, increasing glucose transport into cells.

Question 6

What is the second mechanism by which exercise benefits 2D?

Answer 6

Insulin sensitivity: Enhanced through reduced fat accumulation and improved mitochondrial function.

Question 7

What is the third mechanism by which exercise benefits 2D?

Answer 7

Weight loss: Reduces adipose tissue, improving metabolic health.

Question 8

What is the fourth mechanism by which exercise benefits 2D?

Answer 8

Anti-inflammatory effects: Lower levels of cytokines like IL-6 and CRP.

Question 9

What are common barriers to exercise for people with 12D?

Answer 9

• Fear of hypoglycemia during or after exercise.
• Lack of knowledge about safe exercise practices.
• Limited access to exercise facilities or structured programs.
• Comorbid conditions like obesity, arthritis, or cardiovascular issues.

Question 10

What are the anti-inflammatory effects related to cytokines?

Answer 10

Lower levels of cytokines like IL-6 and CRP.

Question 11

What are key outcome measures used in 2D exercise studies?

Answer 11

• Glycemic control: Blood glucose, HbA1c.
• Insulin sensitivity: Measured by HOMA-IR or glucose tolerance tests.
• Body composition: BMI, waist circumference, or fat mass.
• Cardiorespiratory fitness: VO₂ max or step tests.
• Inflammation: Blood-based markers like IL-6, CRP.

Question 12

What are the gaps in knowledge about exercise for 2D?

Answer 12

Lack of long-term studies examining exercise adherence and sustainability.

None

Question 13

What is a limitation in research regarding exercise for specific populations?

Answer 13

Limited research on the optimal intensity and type of exercise for specific populations.

None

Question 14

What is insufficiently studied regarding exercise’s effects?

Answer 14

Insufficient data on exercise’s effects on complications like neuropathy or retinopathy.

None

Question 15

What is needed for better understanding in exercise science?

Answer 15

Need for better understanding of the role of HIIT in glycemic control.

None

Question 16

How can adherence to exercise programs for T2P be improved?

Answer 16

Incorporate goal-setting and self-monitoring tools (e.g., pedometers, apps).
Provide education about the benefits and safety of exercise.
Include social support or group-based exercise programs.
Offer flexible, home-based, or community-centered interventions.

Question 17

What should be a cornerstone of 2D management?

Answer 17

Exercise should be a cornerstone of 2D management alongside diet and medication.

Question 18

What can structured exercise programs improve?

Answer 18

Structured programs can significantly improve glycemic control and reduce medication dependence.

Question 19

Why are tailored interventions important?

Answer 19

Tailored interventions are crucial for addressing individual barriers and needs.

Question 20

What is the importance of tailored interventions?

Answer 20

Tailored interventions are crucial for addressing individual barriers and needs.

Question 21

What limitations are common in T2D exercise studies?

Answer 21

Small sample sizes or homogeneous populations limit generalizability.

Short intervention durations may not reflect long-term outcomes. Over-reliance on self-reported data for physical activity adherence.