Exercise And Mental Health Flashcards
What is depression
Pathological state of extreme dejection or melancholy often occupancies with physical symptoms
What is stress
The body’s response to a demanding situation
What effects were resistance and aerobic training on anxiety
Had similar benefits for anxiety
What is the usual care for exercise as medicine?
CBI or supportive counselling
Who responded better to treatment in the study by Hallgren et al. (2016)?
Those with higher levels of physical activity
What was the focus of the meta-analysis by Kvam et al. (2016)?
Effects of exercise for treatment of unipolar depression
How many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis?
23 RCTs
How did exercise compare to no intervention, control, and usual care?
Exercise was better compared to no intervention, control, and usual care
What was noted about the effect of exercise at follow-up?
The effect was no longer evident compared to control
How did exercise compare to psychological treatment or medication?
Not different from psychological treatment or medication
What trend was observed regarding combined exercise with treatment?
Trend towards combined exercise with treatment being better than medication alone
What was the sample size for the study on the effect of dose of exercise?
80 participants
How many interventions were analyzed in the study on the effect of dose of exercise?
5 interventions
What is the focus of the study by Dunn et al 2005?
The effect of intensity of exercise on depression.
How many people participated in Dunn et al 2005 study?
59 people with major depressive disorder.
What was the duration of the exercise program in Dunn et al 2005?
4 weeks.
How many sessions per week were conducted in Dunn et al 2005?
3 sessions per week.
What type of exercise was used in the Sprint Interval Training (SIT) in Dunn et al 2005?
25 bouts of 30 seconds at 80% max power.
What type of exercise was used in the Continuous Aerobic Training (CAT) in Dunn et al 2005?
20 minutes at 60% max power.
What was the SMD for SIT in Dunn et al 2005?
SMD = 1.2.
What was the SMD for CAT in Dunn et al 2005?
SMD = 1.1.
What was the conclusion regarding exercise and depression in Dunn et al 2005?
Similar improvements in depression were observed for both SIT and CAT.
What is the focus of the study by Minghetti et al 2018?
Yoga and depression.
What is the effect of yoga versus no treatment on depression severity?
Yoga has a positive effect on reducing depression severity compared to no treatment.
Test for overall effect: Z = 2.09 (P = 0.04)
What associations have been reported between physical activity/exercise and mental health?
Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported associations between physical activity/exercise and anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue.
What can physical activity/exercise do for mental health?
Physical activity/exercise can reduce anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue.
What is the title of the umbrella review regarding aerobic exercise for depression?
The effects of aerobic exercise for depression: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Depression and inflammation
Depression increased in inflammatory illnesses
What conditions are mentioned as examples for exercise as medicine?
Multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
What is associated with increased rates of depression in cytokine treatments?
Cytokine treatments.
In which patient group are levels of inflammation associated with fatigue?
Cancer patients.
What syndrome is linked with infection?
Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME).
What type of inflammation is associated with diabetes mellitus type 2?
Low-grade inflammation.
How are the dimensions of fatigue often characterized in clinical populations?
Often unidimensional and not all dimensions are associated with inflammation.
What has stronger associations with inflammation in cancer patients?
Physical fatigue compared to mental fatigue.
What experimental designs are used to study sickness behavior?
Healthy participants receiving placebo or vaccine.
What is the title of the study by Karshikoff et al 2017?
LH Exercise as Medicine
What type of participants were involved in the experimental designs of sickness behavior?
Healthy participants receiving placebo or vaccine
What assessments were conducted in the study?
Assessments at baseline and + 3 hours for inflammation, mood, fatigue, confusion, and performance on task
What were the IL-6 levels for vaccine and placebo?
Vaccine: 300 pg/ml, Placebo: 250 pg/ml
What is the immune hypothesis related to depression?
Cytokine treatment (IFN-gamma) causes depressive symptoms.
What do medically ill and non-medically ill depressed patients have in common?
They both have inflammatory markers.
What are the key components involved in inflammation related to depression?
Glucocorticoid function, Tryptophan, and Serotonin.
What is the title of the article by Kiecolt-Glaser et al.?
Inflammation: Depression Fans the Flames and Feast on the Heat.
What journal published the article by Kiecolt-Glaser et al.?
American Journal of Psychiatry.
What is the focus of the article ‘Inflammation and Its Discontents’?
The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression.
Who are the authors of the article ‘Inflammation and Its Discontents’?
Andrew H. Miller, Vladimir Maletic, and Charles L. Raison.
What are some psychological mechanisms related to physical activity/exercise?
Anxiety sensitivity, positive affect during exercise, self-efficacy, perceived competence, and mindfulness.
What are some benefits of exercise as medicine?
Improvement in appearance perception (body image), self-esteem, and distraction from stress, anxiety, and depression.
What is anxiety sensitivity?
A precursor of panic attacks/disorders characterized by fear of anxiety and anxiety-related sensations, and a tendency to misinterpret sensations.
How does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) work for anxiety?
CBT works through exposure to fear of somatic sensations, arousal reduction, etc.
What was the sample size in the study by Broman-Fulks et al 2004 on anxiety and fitness in PTSD?
N = 32 with PTSD.
What type of intervention was used in the study on PTSD?
Aerobic exercise intervention.
What was the sample size in the study by Broman-Fulks et al 2004?
N = 32 with PTSD
What type of exercise intervention was used in the Broman-Fulks et al 2004 study?
Aerobic exercise intervention
How many sessions of aerobic exercise were conducted in the Broman-Fulks et al 2004 study?
6 sessions in 2 weeks
What was the target heart rate during the aerobic exercise in the Broman-Fulks et al 2004 study?
60-80% HR
What assessments were conducted in the Broman-Fulks et al 2004 study?
Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD questionnaire, Fitness test
When were the assessments conducted in the Broman-Fulks et al 2004 study?
At baseline, 1 week, post intervention and 1 week follow up
What is the scoring system used in the LeBouthillier et al 2016 study?
Needs improvement, Fair, Good, Very good, Excellent
What type of study is referenced in the document?
Cross-sectional study
What factors were assessed in the study?
Anxiety sensitivity, exercise frequency, anxiety, and depression
What was the sample size of the study?
N= 1,023 adults (aged 18 - 85, mean 46 years)
What is the association found in the study?
Exercise frequency is associated with anxiety/depression and anxiety sensitivity
What mediates the association between exercise frequency and anxiety & depression?
Anxiety sensitivity mediates the association
Who conducted the study referenced in the document?
Broman-Fulks et al 2018
What is negative affect?
Feelings of energy
Scale: 5.0 Extremely, 2.0 Moderately, 1.0 Not at all
What are the bi-directional associations related to physical activity?
Higher positive affect, lower negative affect & fatigue → more MPVA
Higher negative affect and energy → more LPA
More LPA and MVPA → more energetic
More LPA → more negative affect and less tired
Liao et al 2017
What is the focus of the scoping review by Wright et al.?
Associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and stress using ecological momentary assessment.
