Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise As Medicine > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the blood glucose level ranges for diabetes?

A

Above 7 mmol/L for fasting and above 11 mmol/L for post-prandial

These levels indicate diabetes according to testing standards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the blood glucose level ranges for pre-diabetes?

A

Fasting: 5.6 to 7 mmol/L, Post-prandial: 9 to 10.9 mmol/L

These levels suggest a risk of developing diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the blood glucose level ranges for healthy individuals?

A

Fasting: 3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L, Post-prandial: 3.9 to 8.9 mmol/L

These levels indicate normal glucose metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fill in the blank: A fasting blood glucose level above _______ indicates diabetes.

A

7 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fill in the blank: A healthy post-prandial blood glucose level should be below _______.

A

8.9 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False: A fasting blood glucose level between 5.6 and 7 mmol/L indicates a healthy individual.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the HbA1c test?

A

The HbA1c test measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a high HbA1c level indicate?

A

A high HbA1c level indicates poor blood sugar control and a higher risk of diabetes complications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a low HbA1c level indicate?

A

A low HbA1c level indicates good blood sugar control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

A

A test used to diagnose diabetes by measuring the body’s response to sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests?

A
  1. 2-Hour Test - Adult
  2. 2-Hour Test - Child
  3. 3-Hour Test - Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the procedure for the 2-Hour Test - Adult?

A

An 8 ounce solution with 75 grams of sugar is consumed. Blood is drawn before drinking and 2 hours after.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the procedure for the 2-Hour Test - Child?

A

1.75 grams of sugar per kilogram of body weight is consumed. Blood is drawn before drinking and 2 hours after.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the procedure for the 3-Hour Test - Pregnancy?

A

A solution with 100 grams of sugar is consumed. Blood is drawn before drinking and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the glucose clamp method?

A

A method where insulin is infused at a constant rate while blood glucose is measured frequently to maintain glucose at a normal range.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many cannulas are used in the glucose clamp method?

A

Two cannulas are placed in either hand; one for infusion and one for sample collection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is insulin sensitivity?

A

Insulin sensitivity is calculated as the glucose disposal rate divided by the steady-state blood glucose concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the formula for calculating insulin sensitivity?

A

Insulin sensitivity = Glucose disposal rate / Steady-state blood glucose concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the difference between fasting and steady-state plasma insulin indicate?

A

It is a component in assessing insulin sensitivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the C-peptide level for low C-peptide?

A

Less than 0.51 ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the C-peptide level for normal C-peptide?

A

Between 0.51-2.72 ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the C-peptide level for high C-peptide?

A

Greater than 2.72 ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the likely diagnosis with high blood glucose levels and low C-peptide?

A

Type 1 Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the likely diagnosis with high blood glucose levels and high C-peptide?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the structure of proinsulin?

A

10 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the structure of insulin?

A

51 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are these responses and when do they occur?

A

These responses vary based on the duration of exposure or action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens immediately?

A

Immediate responses occur right after the action is taken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens after a few days?

A

Responses evolve and may show initial adaptation after a few days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens if we do it for a few weeks?

A

Continued action leads to more pronounced changes and adaptations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens if we do it for a few years?

A

Long-term exposure results in significant and lasting effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is there a legacy effect?

A

Yes, there can be lasting effects that persist beyond the period of action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the HbA1c level for pre-diabetes classification?

A

HbA1c ≥ 42 mmol/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the fasting plasma glucose level for pre-diabetes classification?

A

Fasting plasma glucose level 5.6-6.9 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the 2-hour plasma glucose level for pre-diabetes classification?

A

2-hour plasma glucose level 7.8-11.0 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the HbA1c level criterion for a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes?

A

HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the fasting plasma glucose level criterion for a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the 2-hour plasma glucose level criterion for a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes?

A

2-hour plasma glucose level ≥ 11 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the classic symptoms and random plasma glucose level criterion for a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Classic symptoms + random plasma glucose levels ≥ 11 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

A

A metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia due to disorders of insulin secretion and insulin action or both.

(Alberti and Zimmet, 1998)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is respiratory frequency?

A

The rate at which breathing occurs during exercise.

42
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath.

43
Q

What is lung ventilation?

A

The total volume of air exchanged in the lungs per minute.

44
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heartbeats per minute.

45
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

46
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

47
Q

What is the role of cardiorespiratory function during exercise?

A

It enhances substrate and oxygen delivery to muscles.

48
Q

What fuel source is oxidized at low exercise intensity?

A

Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA).

49
Q

What fuel source is referred to at high exercise intensities?

A

Glucose.

50
Q

What is the role of the pancreas during exercise?

A

It regulates insulin and glucagon secretion.

51
Q

What does the liver do during exercise?

A

It releases glucose into the bloodstream.

52
Q

What happens to triacylglycerol in adipose tissue during exercise?

A

It breaks down to release NEFA.

53
Q

How does participation in exercise affect the risk of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Participation in exercise reduces the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, complications associated with Type 2 diabetes, and mortality.

54
Q

What is the risk reduction for developing Type 2 diabetes for those moderately active for 150 minutes a week?

A

People who are moderately physically active for 150 minutes a week have a 26% lower risk of developing Type 2 diabetes than those who are inactive.

55
Q

What is the risk reduction for developing Type 2 diabetes for those active for 300 minutes a week?

A

Achieving twice the level of activity (300 minutes/week) is associated with a 36% reduction in Type 2 diabetes.

56
Q

Which studies support the benefits of exercise on Type 2 diabetes?

A

Schellenberg et al 2013 Ann Intern Med. and Blomster et al 2013 Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.

57
Q

What is the core-clock?

A

The core-clock is a biological clock that regulates various physiological processes in the body.

58
Q

How does diabetes affect the muscle clock?

A

People with diabetes have a dysregulated muscle clock.

59
Q

What partly mediates the dysregulation of the muscle clock in diabetes?

A

The dysregulation is partly mediated by the inner-mitochondrial membrane.

60
Q

Can exercise re-set the core-clock?

A

Yes, exercise can re-set the core-clock.

61
Q

Can correctly timed exercise be a tool to treat metabolic disease?

A

Yes, correctly timed exercise can potentially be a tool to treat metabolic disease.

62
Q

Difference between afternoon hiit and morning hiit in blood glucose?

A

It decreases in afternoon however increases in the morning

63
Q

What is the treatment for Type 2 diabetes with a low risk of hypoglycaemia?

A

Metformin, DPPIV inhibitor, GLP-1, SGLT-2, Miglitoll, Rosiglitizone

64
Q

What medications for Type 2 diabetes carry a higher risk of hypoglycaemia?

A

Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide, Nateglinide, Insulin

65
Q

What was the mortality rate for people who developed diabetes prior to the discovery of insulin in 1922?

A

Half of people who developed it died within two years; more than 90% were dead within five years.

66
Q

What was the most effective treatment for diabetes before insulin was discovered?

A

The most effective treatment was to put patients on a very strict diet with minimal carbohydrate intake (<500kcal per day).

67
Q

What was the experience of treating diabetes patients with strict diets before insulin?

A

“We literally starved the child and adult with the faint hope that something new in treatment would appear…It was no fun to starve a child to let him live”

68
Q

What is the initial muscle energy source during exercise?

A

ATP from creatine phosphate (CP)

This is followed by glucose from muscle glycogen.

69
Q

What are the subsequent sources of glucose during prolonged exercise?

A

Glucose from liver glycogen and then glucose from gluconeogenesis.

This process occurs after the initial ATP from CP.

70
Q

What fuels are primarily used during prolonged aerobic metabolism?

A

Free fatty acids (FFA) and ketones.

71
Q

How does glucose use change with increasing exercise intensity and duration?

A

Glucose use increases.

72
Q

What hormonal changes mediate the increase in glucose use during exercise?

A

Falling insulin, increasing glucagon, catecholamines, and later growth hormone.

73
Q

What are the implications of these metabolic changes for people with Type 1 diabetes?

A

These changes have significant implications for managing exercise in people with Type 1 diabetes.

74
Q

What are barriers to exercise for people with new onset Type 1 diabetes?

A

Hypoglycaemia (both actual and fear of), lack of knowledge/confidence in managing diabetes, advice from healthcare professionals to stop exercising, planning (e.g. checking blood glucose), feeling overwhelmed by diagnosis.

75
Q

What are barriers to exercise for people with established Type 1 diabetes?

A

Loss of control of diabetes, lack of knowledge on the management of diabetes for exercise.

76
Q

What should you know about exercise for improving glycemia in Type I?

A

Know type, intensity, and duration of exercise.

77
Q

What should you check before exercising?

A

Check glucose and trend arrows.

78
Q

What should be considered regarding exercise timing?

A

Consider timing of exercise.

79
Q

What is important to know about insulin before exercising?

A

Know how much insulin is on board.

80
Q

What should you take if needed during exercise?

A

Take carbohydrates if needed.

81
Q

What are the effects of resistance exercise on glucose levels during and immediately after exercise?

A

Resistance exercise was associated with stable post-exercise glucose levels.

Resistance exercise resulted in much smaller declines in blood glucose during exercise than aerobic exercise or no exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

82
Q

How does aerobic exercise affect glucose levels during early recovery?

A

Aerobic exercise was associated with greater increases in glucose levels during early recovery.

This resulted in a trend toward higher glucose concentrations in late recovery.

83
Q

What was the comparison of glucose levels between aerobic and resistance exercise?

A

Resistance exercise resulted in stable glucose levels, while aerobic exercise led to higher glucose concentrations during early recovery.

84
Q

What happens to blood glucose after one and two sets of resistance exercise (RE)?

A

Blood glucose significantly climbs above rest for 1 hour after one and two sets of RE.

85
Q

What effect does a third set of resistance exercise have on blood glucose?

A

The inclusion of a third set attenuates the exercise-induced hyperglycaemia and returns blood glucose values to those of a control trial.

86
Q

What was the significance of the study by Turner et al (2015)?

A

This was the first study to recognize the importance of exercise volume in determining the blood glucose responses to resistance exercise in type 1 diabetes.

87
Q

What is the effect of performing resistance exercise before aerobic exercise for individuals with type 1 diabetes?

A

Individuals with type 1 diabetes should consider performing their resistance exercise first if they tend to develop exercise-associated hypoglycaemia.

This order of exercise could lead to a lower reliance on glucose supplementation during exercise and might also decrease the severity of potential nocturnal hypoglycaemia.

88
Q

What does the graph in Fig 1 illustrate?

A

The graph illustrates plasma glucose levels during and following an exercise session.

89
Q

What does the graph in Fig 2 show?

A

The graph shows blood glucose levels from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) following an exercise session.

90
Q

What is the effect of morning exercise on hypoglycemic episodes in Type 1 Diabetes patients?

A

Morning exercise results in significantly fewer hypoglycaemic events compared to afternoon exercise.

91
Q

When do most episodes of post-exercise hypoglycaemia occur?

A

Most episodes occur between 15 and 24 hours after the cessation of exercise.

92
Q

How does morning exercise affect metabolic control?

A

Exercise in the morning improves metabolic control on the subsequent day and maintains patients in the euglycemic range for a longer time.

93
Q

What is depicted in Fig 1?

A

Fig 1 shows hourly hypoglycaemic episodes following morning (circles) or afternoon (squares) exercise.

94
Q

How does intermittent high-intensity exercise (IHE) affect blood glucose levels compared to moderate exercise (MOD)?

A

The decline in blood glucose levels is less with IHE compared with MOD during both exercise and early recovery.

95
Q

What is the relationship between heart rate and total work performed during high-intensity exercise (HIT)?

A

The lesser decline in blood glucose levels occurred despite a higher heart rate and greater total work performed during the HIT trial.

96
Q

What is the risk of hypoglycaemia with moderate exercise compared to intermittent high-intensity exercise?

A

The risk of hypoglycaemia may be increased with MOD compared with IHE.

97
Q

What is the effect of aerobic/sub maximal exercise on blood glucose?

A

Aerobic/sub maximal exercise causes blood glucose to fall rapidly.

98
Q

What happens to blood glucose during intense exercise?

A

Intense exercise causes blood glucose to rise.

99
Q

What is a risk associated with aerobic/sub maximal exercise?

A

Aerobic/sub maximal exercise increases risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia.

100
Q

What is the effect of repeated resistance exercise on blood glucose?

A

Repeated resistance exercise causes blood glucose to fall.

101
Q

How does intermittent high intensity exercise affect hypoglycaemia?

A

Intermittent high intensity exercise protects against hypoglycaemia during exercise, but is more likely to cause nocturnal hypoglycaemia.

Exercise As Medicine (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions