Intro To The Module Flashcards
What are the health benefits of physical activity?
Regular physical activity reduces your risk of:
- Dementia by up to 30%
- All-cause mortality by 30%
- Hip fractures by up to 68%
- Cardiovascular disease by up to 35%
- Diabetes by 40%
- Depression by up to 30%
- Colon cancer by 30%
- Breast cancer by 20%
What are the health benefits of physical activity?
- Cardiac and respiratory function
- Immune system
- Wellbeing
- Muscular strength
- Functional ability
What is physical inactivity related to?
Physical inactivity is related to chronic diseases - morbidity and mortality
What are some impacts of physical inactivity on the healthcare system?
Cost of healthcare system
What is the economic cost of physical inactivity, especially in high-income countries?
Loss of productivity - economic cost particularly in high-income countries
Tai Chi
- Mind body exertise characterised by mild or moderate aerobic activity, and can also improve muscle strength
Yoga
• Ultimate goal: quieting one’s mind to achieve the union of mind, body, and spirit
Pilates
• Low-to-moderate intensity exercise, predominantly floor based mind-body exercise, and addresses core stability, muscular strength, flexibility, breathing and posture
What are some benefits of Cardiorespiratory Exercise?
Cardiometabolic disease risk factors
- Hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation
Mental health
- Evidence for benefits to anxiety, depression, vitality
Elving Gorbar et o 2041. Seaten
What are some benefits of Muscular Strength?
Benefits of Muscular Strength
- Lower risk of all cause mortality
- Lower risk for nonfatal disease
- Better cardiometabolic risk factors Lo
- Lower risk for functional limitations
- Increase bone mass and strength
- Preliminary evidence for improvements in mental health
Source: Ewing Garber et al 2011
What is the primary outcome measure of the multicomponent exercise intervention in older adults?
Blood pressure
Primary outcome measure
What are the secondary outcome measures of the multicomponent exercise intervention?
- VOmax - to assess effectiveness of the aerobic programme
- Barriers to exercise - to assess the effectiveness of the behaviour change component
- Attendance and adherence - to measure if the participants completed the programme
Secondary outcome measures
Energy expenditure measurement using doubly labelled water is an example of what type of assessment?
Objective
Doubly labelled water is an objective method for measuring energy expenditure.
What are examples of subjective methods for physical activity assessment?
Self-report questionnaires, recall interviews, diary
Subjective methods include self-report questionnaires, recall interviews, and diaries.
What are examples of objective methods for physical activity assessment?
Pedometer / Accelerometer, heart rate monitor, doubly labelled water
Objective methods include pedometers/accelerometers, heart rate monitors, and doubly labelled water.
What is an HR monitor?
Association between oxygen consumption and HR in laboratory setting not the necessarily the same as in real life
Example: An HR monitor tracks heart rate during exercise.
What is a pedometer used for?
Step count, Easy to use, validity and reliability ok/ questionable
Example: A pedometer is commonly used to track the number of steps taken in a day.
What does an accelerometer measure?
Frequency and intensity of movement (Sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous physical activity, sleep)
Example: An accelerometer can detect different levels of physical activity such as sedentary behavior or vigorous exercise.
What is an ActivPal used for?
Monitor to measure sedentary behavior
Reference: Dishman et al 2014
What is included in the Pre Exercise Test Health Screening?
Past medical history
- Physical examination
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure (lying and standing, both arms)
- Serological tests - necessity dependent on medical history: e.g., blood sugar levels, cholesterol etc
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Hydrostatic weighing
A method of determining body composition by submerging the individual in water and measuring the displacement of water
Example: Hydrostatic weighing is considered one of the most accurate methods for measuring body fat percentage.
Bod Pod (Air displacement plethysmography)
A method of measuring body composition by using air displacement to calculate body volume
Example: The Bod Pod is a non-invasive and quick way to assess body fat percentage.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan
A method of measuring bone density and body composition using X-ray technology
Example: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans are commonly used in clinical settings to assess osteoporosis risk.
Skinfold method
A method of estimating body fat percentage by measuring skinfold thickness at various sites on the body
Example: Skinfold calipers are used to perform the skinfold method accurately.
Bioelectrical Impedance Method
A method of estimating body composition by sending a low-level electrical current through the body
Example: Bioelectrical impedance scales are popular for home use to monitor changes in body fat percentage.
Body Mass Index
A calculation based on height and weight to determine if an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese
Example: A BMI of 25 is considered overweight, while a BMI of 30 or above is classified as obese.
Waist circumference
A measurement around the narrowest part of the waist to assess abdominal fat
Example: Waist circumference is a simple and reliable indicator of central obesity.
Waist-to-hip ratio
A ratio calculated by dividing the waist measurement by the hip measurement to assess fat distribution
Example: A waist-to-hip ratio of 0.85 or higher in women is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
