Impact Of Single And Regular Bouts Of Exercise On Components Of The Blood Flashcards
What are the two types of exercise that affect blood concentration?
Acute and chronic exercise.
Acute refers to single bouts of exercise, while chronic refers to regular exercise.
What changes occur in blood due to exercise?
Significant changes to the concentration of many cells and solutes in blood.
This occurs with both acute and chronic exercise.
Why is it important to understand acute and chronic changes in blood?
It is highly informative for exercise medicine.
What are the normal levels of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)?
4-6 x 10^12/L
What is the response of Red Blood Cells to acute exercise?
Mild increase in count due to plasma volume shifts.
What is the response of Red Blood Cells to chronic exercise?
Increase in count, hemoglobin density (HD), and RBC mass driven by EPO.
What are the normal levels of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)?
5-10 × 10^9/L
What is the response of White Blood Cells to acute exercise?
Large, but heterogeneous increase.
What is the response of White Blood Cells to chronic exercise?
Increase or decrease depends on population.
What are the normal levels of Platelets?
150-400 x 10^9/L
What is the response of Platelets to acute exercise?
Mild increase in count due to plasma volume shifts.
What is the response of Platelets to chronic exercise?
Increase or decrease depends on population.
What is the Acute Phase Response?
A physiological response to inflammatory stimuli such as injury, infection, and psychological stress.
What triggers the Acute Phase Response?
Injury, infection, and psychological stress.
What happens during the Acute Phase Response?
Direct release of proteins and activation of the immune system.
What are cytokines?
Signaling proteins released during the Acute Phase Response.
What are Acute Phase Proteins?
Proteins whose synthesis is altered within the liver, including albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and CRP.
What is altered during the Acute Phase Response?
Synthesis of proteins within the liver and release of molecules into the bloodstream.
What is the effect of the Acute Phase Response on the brain?
It can lead to fever and sickness behavior.
What is the impact of the Acute Phase Response on muscles?
It can cause muscle breakdown.
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in blood cells, particularly white blood cells, during the Acute Phase Response.
What is anemia in the context of the Acute Phase Response?
A condition that may occur as a result of the response, characterized by a decrease in red blood cells.
What happens to albumin concentration during and after aerobic exercise?
Albumin concentration increases during and after bouts of aerobic exercise.
This is driven by changes in blood volume rather than more protein molecules.
What mechanisms explain the increase in albumin concentration during exercise?
The mechanisms include dehydration, water uptake to muscle from blood, and blood flow and protein filtration by the kidney.
How does regular exercise affect albumin levels in the body?
Regular exercise increases albumin levels to expand plasma volume for optimal delivery of oxygen and nutrients.
What is the relationship between plasma volume change and albumin?
A 10% change in plasma volume corresponds to an increase in albumin levels.
What is the purpose of dialysis for patients with chronic kidney failure?
To eliminate toxins from the body.
What percentage of the NHS budget is spent on managing chronic kidney failure?
1.3% of the NHS budget.
What are the benefits of Intra-Dialytic Cycling?
1) Reduces blood pressure, abnormal heart growth, and dialysis-related symptoms.
2) Improves 1-year survival, fitness, and health-related quality of life.
3) Saves NHS costs (£1,418 saving per patient).
What happens to PV-corrected fibrinogen levels immediately after sub- and maximal exercise?
PV-corrected fibrinogen levels decrease immediately after sub- and maximal exercise.
What was observed about fibrinogen levels after intense military exercise?
Fibrinogen levels were higher for 3 days after intense military exercise, suggesting an ‘acute-phase response to strenuous exercise’ (peak day 2, +37.1%).
How do fibrinogen concentrations change at day 5 compared to baseline values?
Fibrinogen concentrations were significantly lower (-11.9%) at day 5, consistent with the beneficial effect of training.
What does data indicate about plasma immunoglobulins after exercise?
Some data indicates plasma immunoglobulins increase after moderate intensity exercise and after intense exercise.
Data is not consistent across all immunoglobulin subclasses.
How do active older adults compare to sedentary individuals in terms of antibody concentrations?
Active older adults have higher antibody concentrations at rest and a more robust antibody response to influenza vaccination than sedentary individuals.
What does the graph show regarding antibody titres for Influenza B?
The graph shows untrained (white triangle, n= 16), moderately trained (white circle, n=23) & highly trained (white square, n=22).
What happens to CRP levels after strenuous exercise?
CRP typically increases after strenuous exercise, peaking over 24 hours post-exercise.
How do exercise interventions affect CRP in individuals with CVD and T2D?
Exercise interventions in individuals with CVD and T2D reduce CRP, with greater changes observed with weight loss.
What is the evidence for exercise lowering CRP in autoimmune illnesses?
The evidence is mixed; reductions in CRP are seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but not in lupus.
How do CRP levels compare between physically active and sedentary older adults?
Physically active older adults (≥150 min/wk) had lower levels of CRP compared to sedentary older adults of the same age over a 10 year period.
What happens to cytokine levels during exercise?
Many cytokines increase within minutes of exercise onset, depending on intensity and duration.
Which cells release cytokines during exercise?
Immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts release cytokines into the blood during exercise.
What is the major source of cytokines during exercise?
Skeletal muscle is the major source of cytokines during exercise, referred to as ‘myokines’.
What roles do cytokines/myokines play during exercise?
Cytokines/myokines help distribute immune cells around the body and modulate fuel utilization (e.g., Interleukin (IL)-6).
What is the effect of acute exercise on cytokine concentrations?
Acute exercise can increase pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations over time in both clinical and healthy populations.
What are the mechanisms mediating changes in cytokine concentrations due to exercise?
- Improvements in skeletal muscle quality and their myokine profile
- Loss of adipose tissue (a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines)
- Direct changes to immune cells that result in lower cytokine production (reduced expression of toll-like receptors that produce cytokines).
How does exercise impact the components of blood?
Exercise impacts various components of blood, including cytokine levels.
What is Lupus?
Lupus is an autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the body, predominantly affecting females at a ratio of 9:1.
What are common symptoms of Lupus?
Common symptoms include fatigue, headache, pain, poor sleep quality, and anxiety.
How is Lupus diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and raised markers in blood compared to the normal range, including altered blood biochemistry.
What markers are used in the diagnosis of Lupus?
Markers include inflammation indicators like complement proteins 3 and 4, as well as autoantibodies.
Is there a cure for Lupus?
There is no cure for Lupus, so symptom management is a priority.
