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Exercise As Medicine > Impact Of Single And Regular Bouts Of Exercise On Components Of The Blood > Flashcards

Impact Of Single And Regular Bouts Of Exercise On Components Of The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of exercise that affect blood concentration?

A

Acute and chronic exercise.

Acute refers to single bouts of exercise, while chronic refers to regular exercise.

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2
Q

What changes occur in blood due to exercise?

A

Significant changes to the concentration of many cells and solutes in blood.

This occurs with both acute and chronic exercise.

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3
Q

Why is it important to understand acute and chronic changes in blood?

A

It is highly informative for exercise medicine.

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4
Q

What are the normal levels of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)?

A

4-6 x 10^12/L

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5
Q

What is the response of Red Blood Cells to acute exercise?

A

Mild increase in count due to plasma volume shifts.

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6
Q

What is the response of Red Blood Cells to chronic exercise?

A

Increase in count, hemoglobin density (HD), and RBC mass driven by EPO.

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7
Q

What are the normal levels of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)?

A

5-10 × 10^9/L

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8
Q

What is the response of White Blood Cells to acute exercise?

A

Large, but heterogeneous increase.

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9
Q

What is the response of White Blood Cells to chronic exercise?

A

Increase or decrease depends on population.

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10
Q

What are the normal levels of Platelets?

A

150-400 x 10^9/L

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11
Q

What is the response of Platelets to acute exercise?

A

Mild increase in count due to plasma volume shifts.

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12
Q

What is the response of Platelets to chronic exercise?

A

Increase or decrease depends on population.

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13
Q

What is the Acute Phase Response?

A

A physiological response to inflammatory stimuli such as injury, infection, and psychological stress.

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14
Q

What triggers the Acute Phase Response?

A

Injury, infection, and psychological stress.

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15
Q

What happens during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Direct release of proteins and activation of the immune system.

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16
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signaling proteins released during the Acute Phase Response.

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17
Q

What are Acute Phase Proteins?

A

Proteins whose synthesis is altered within the liver, including albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and CRP.

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18
Q

What is altered during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Synthesis of proteins within the liver and release of molecules into the bloodstream.

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19
Q

What is the effect of the Acute Phase Response on the brain?

A

It can lead to fever and sickness behavior.

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20
Q

What is the impact of the Acute Phase Response on muscles?

A

It can cause muscle breakdown.

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21
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

An increase in blood cells, particularly white blood cells, during the Acute Phase Response.

22
Q

What is anemia in the context of the Acute Phase Response?

A

A condition that may occur as a result of the response, characterized by a decrease in red blood cells.

23
Q

What happens to albumin concentration during and after aerobic exercise?

A

Albumin concentration increases during and after bouts of aerobic exercise.

This is driven by changes in blood volume rather than more protein molecules.

24
Q

What mechanisms explain the increase in albumin concentration during exercise?

A

The mechanisms include dehydration, water uptake to muscle from blood, and blood flow and protein filtration by the kidney.

25
Q

How does regular exercise affect albumin levels in the body?

A

Regular exercise increases albumin levels to expand plasma volume for optimal delivery of oxygen and nutrients.

26
Q

What is the relationship between plasma volume change and albumin?

A

A 10% change in plasma volume corresponds to an increase in albumin levels.

27
Q

What is the purpose of dialysis for patients with chronic kidney failure?

A

To eliminate toxins from the body.

28
Q

What percentage of the NHS budget is spent on managing chronic kidney failure?

A

1.3% of the NHS budget.

29
Q

What are the benefits of Intra-Dialytic Cycling?

A

1) Reduces blood pressure, abnormal heart growth, and dialysis-related symptoms.
2) Improves 1-year survival, fitness, and health-related quality of life.
3) Saves NHS costs (£1,418 saving per patient).

30
Q

What happens to PV-corrected fibrinogen levels immediately after sub- and maximal exercise?

A

PV-corrected fibrinogen levels decrease immediately after sub- and maximal exercise.

31
Q

What was observed about fibrinogen levels after intense military exercise?

A

Fibrinogen levels were higher for 3 days after intense military exercise, suggesting an ‘acute-phase response to strenuous exercise’ (peak day 2, +37.1%).

32
Q

How do fibrinogen concentrations change at day 5 compared to baseline values?

A

Fibrinogen concentrations were significantly lower (-11.9%) at day 5, consistent with the beneficial effect of training.

33
Q

What does data indicate about plasma immunoglobulins after exercise?

A

Some data indicates plasma immunoglobulins increase after moderate intensity exercise and after intense exercise.

Data is not consistent across all immunoglobulin subclasses.

34
Q

How do active older adults compare to sedentary individuals in terms of antibody concentrations?

A

Active older adults have higher antibody concentrations at rest and a more robust antibody response to influenza vaccination than sedentary individuals.

35
Q

What does the graph show regarding antibody titres for Influenza B?

A

The graph shows untrained (white triangle, n= 16), moderately trained (white circle, n=23) & highly trained (white square, n=22).

36
Q

What happens to CRP levels after strenuous exercise?

A

CRP typically increases after strenuous exercise, peaking over 24 hours post-exercise.

37
Q

How do exercise interventions affect CRP in individuals with CVD and T2D?

A

Exercise interventions in individuals with CVD and T2D reduce CRP, with greater changes observed with weight loss.

38
Q

What is the evidence for exercise lowering CRP in autoimmune illnesses?

A

The evidence is mixed; reductions in CRP are seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but not in lupus.

39
Q

How do CRP levels compare between physically active and sedentary older adults?

A

Physically active older adults (≥150 min/wk) had lower levels of CRP compared to sedentary older adults of the same age over a 10 year period.

40
Q

What happens to cytokine levels during exercise?

A

Many cytokines increase within minutes of exercise onset, depending on intensity and duration.

41
Q

Which cells release cytokines during exercise?

A

Immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts release cytokines into the blood during exercise.

42
Q

What is the major source of cytokines during exercise?

A

Skeletal muscle is the major source of cytokines during exercise, referred to as ‘myokines’.

43
Q

What roles do cytokines/myokines play during exercise?

A

Cytokines/myokines help distribute immune cells around the body and modulate fuel utilization (e.g., Interleukin (IL)-6).

44
Q

What is the effect of acute exercise on cytokine concentrations?

A

Acute exercise can increase pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations over time in both clinical and healthy populations.

45
Q

What are the mechanisms mediating changes in cytokine concentrations due to exercise?

A
  1. Improvements in skeletal muscle quality and their myokine profile
  2. Loss of adipose tissue (a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines)
  3. Direct changes to immune cells that result in lower cytokine production (reduced expression of toll-like receptors that produce cytokines).
46
Q

How does exercise impact the components of blood?

A

Exercise impacts various components of blood, including cytokine levels.

47
Q

What is Lupus?

A

Lupus is an autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the body, predominantly affecting females at a ratio of 9:1.

48
Q

What are common symptoms of Lupus?

A

Common symptoms include fatigue, headache, pain, poor sleep quality, and anxiety.

49
Q

How is Lupus diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and raised markers in blood compared to the normal range, including altered blood biochemistry.

50
Q

What markers are used in the diagnosis of Lupus?

A

Markers include inflammation indicators like complement proteins 3 and 4, as well as autoantibodies.

51
Q

Is there a cure for Lupus?

A

There is no cure for Lupus, so symptom management is a priority.

Exercise As Medicine (12 decks)

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