Impact Of Exercise On The Components Of Blood

Question 1

What is the role of red blood cells?

Answer 1

Delivery of oxygen to tissues in the body.

Question 2

What are platelets?

Answer 2

Fragments of cells that mediate blood clotting.

Question 3

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 3

Govern defense against foreign substances.

Question 4

What does plasma contain?

Answer 4

Non-cellular fraction contains solutes important for nutrient delivery, bodily functions, and excretion of waste products.

Question 5

What is the composition of human blood?

Answer 5

55% Plasma, 41% White Blood Cells & Platelets, 45% Red Blood Cells.

Question 6

What is the adult blood volume range?

Answer 6

65-75 ml/kg of body weight (= 4.5 - 6L).

Question 7

What is the role of plasma in the body?

Answer 7

Plasma is the non-cellular fraction that contains solutes important for nutrient delivery, bodily functions, and excretion of waste products.

Question 8

How often can plasma be donated?

Answer 8

Plasma can be donated every 28 days.

Question 9

What are some conditions that may require plasma donation?

Answer 9

Plasma donation may be needed for burn victims, bleeding disorders, and liver failure.

Question 10

How often can platelets be donated?

Answer 10

Platelets can be donated every 7 days.

Question 11

What are some conditions that may require platelet donation?

Answer 11

Platelet donation may be needed for major surgery and trauma.

Question 12

What is the donation frequency for immune cells?

Answer 12

There is no donation for 3-6 months and it is monitored.

Question 13

What are some uses for immune cell donations?

Answer 13

Immune cells can be used for stem cell donations and adoptive T cell therapies.

Question 14

How often can red blood cells or whole blood be donated?

Answer 14

Red blood cells or whole blood can be donated every 112 or 36 days.

Question 15

What are some conditions that may require red blood cell or whole blood donation?

Answer 15

Red blood cell or whole blood donation may be needed for trauma, surgery, and blood loss.

Question 16

What is the overall purpose of blood donation?

Answer 16

Blood donation is crucial to save lives.

Question 17

What can routine blood tests be used for clinically?

Answer 17

Routine blood tests can be used clinically to diagnose, establish cause and monitor an individual’s health.

Question 18

What are the 4 main categories of clinical blood tests?

Answer 18

The 4 main categories of clinical blood tests are:
1. Hematology
2. Biochemistry
3. Immunology
4. Toxicology

Question 19

What does Hematology test for?

Answer 19

Hematology tests for blood cells and proteins linked to lymph organs, e.g., bone marrow.

Question 20

What does Biochemistry test for?

Answer 20

Biochemistry tests for solutes, e.g., glucose, lipids or hormones.

Question 21

What does Immunology test for?

Answer 21

Immunology tests for cells and products of the immune system.

Question 22

What does Toxicology test for?

Answer 22

Toxicology tests for the detection and effect of hazardous agents (chemicals, drugs, and environmental toxins).

Question 23

What is the primary component of blood?

Answer 23

Water (90%)

Blood is composed of water and dissolved solutes.

Question 24

What percentage of blood is made up of dissolved solutes?

Answer 24

10%

This includes blood gases, organic substances, and inorganic substances.

Question 25

What are the main organic substances found in blood?

Answer 25

Protein, Lipids, Glucose, Enzymes, Hormones ## Footnote Examples include Albumin and Globulins.

Question 26

What are the main inorganic substances in blood?

Answer 26

Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Calcium ## Footnote These are essential for various physiological functions.

Question 27

How can concentrations of solutes in blood be used?

Answer 27

To infer health status and assist in diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. ## Footnote This is particularly useful in clinical settings.

Question 28

What is a disorder associated with blood?

Answer 28

Hemophilia ## Footnote Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting.

Question 29

What percentage of plasma proteins are globulins?

Answer 29

35%

Question 30

What percentage of plasma proteins is albumin?

Answer 30

60%

Question 31

What is the remaining percentage of plasma proteins aside from albumin and globulins?

Answer 31

4% (Fibrinogen and other proteins)

Question 32

What is the estimated number of different proteins in the 'other' category?

Answer 32

40,000 different proteins

Question 33

Are the 'other' proteins abundant?

Answer 33

No, they are less abundant but equally important.

Question 34

How many different proteins have been estimated to be in the 'other' proteins category?

Answer 34

40,000 different proteins.

Question 35

What are the characteristics of the 'other' proteins?

Answer 35

They are less abundant but equally important.

Question 36

What triggers the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 36

Injury, infection, and psychological stress.

Question 37

What is released directly in response to an inflammatory stimulus?

Answer 37

Proteins.

Question 38

What types of changes occur during the systemic response?

Answer 38

Neuroendocrine, metabolic, hematologic, and biochemical changes.

Question 39

What is activated as part of the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 39

The immune system.

Question 40

What are released during the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 40

Cytokines.

Question 41

What is altered during the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 41

Synthesis of proteins within the liver (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and CRP).

Question 42

What happens to molecules during the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 42

Altered release of molecules into the bloodstream.

Question 43

What physiological response can occur in the brain during illness?

Answer 43

Fever.

Question 44

What behavior can be associated with illness?

Answer 44

Illness behavior.

Question 45

What happens to muscle during the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 45

Muscle breakdown.

Question 46

What blood cell change occurs during the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 46

Leukocytosis.

Question 47

What blood condition can arise during the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 47

Anemia.

Question 48

What is the role of Albumin in the bloodstream?

Answer 48

Albumin regulates water retention within the bloodstream.

Question 49

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

Answer 49

Fibrinogen, together with platelets, forms a clot to prevent pathogen entry.

Question 50

What happens to Albumin levels during an acute phase response in chronic inflammation?

Answer 50

Albumin levels decrease due to leakage from the blood.

Question 51

In which diseases are Albumin levels particularly low?

Answer 51

Albumin levels are particularly low in inflammatory diseases, especially liver disease.

Question 52

What happens to Fibrinogen levels during an acute phase response?

Answer 52

Fibrinogen levels increase due to increased production by the liver.

Question 53

In which conditions are Fibrinogen levels particularly high?

Answer 53

Fibrinogen levels are particularly high in cardiovascular-related illnesses.

Question 54

What happens to albumin levels during the acute phase response in chronic inflammation?

Answer 54

Albumin levels decrease due to leakage from the blood. ## Footnote Low in inflammatory disease, particularly liver disease.

Question 55

What happens to fibrinogen levels during the acute phase response?

Answer 55

Fibrinogen levels increase due to increased production by the liver. ## Footnote Particularly high in cardiovascular related illnesses.

Question 56

How are globulins classified?

Answer 56

Globulins are classified into alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.

Question 57

What role do gamma globulins play?

Answer 57

Gamma globulins, or immunoglobulins, play a vital role in mediating the body's response to infection.

Question 58

How can antibody concentrations in serum be used?

Answer 58

Antibody concentrations in serum can be used to monitor the risk of infection or overactivity of the immune system. ## Footnote For example, low levels indicate risk of infection, while high levels may indicate allergies (gE).

Question 59

How can autoimmune conditions be diagnosed?

Answer 59

Diagnosis of autoimmune conditions can be verified by detecting elevation of serum autoantibodies. ## Footnote Conditions include type-1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 60

What is C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?

Answer 60

CRP is an acute phase protein that amplifies the immune response.

Question 61

What does CRP recognize?

Answer 61

CRP recognizes patterns on foreign pathogens, damaged or cancerous cells.

Question 62

What is the role of CRP in the immune response?

Answer 62

CRP reduces the consequences of infection, tissue injury, and disease.

Question 63

Is CRP a specific regulator of the immune system?

Answer 63

No, raised CRP can occur in many situations.

Question 64

How is raised CRP used in medical assessments?

Answer 64

Raised CRP is used with other blood tests, tissue biopsies, and patient symptoms.

Question 65

What happens when CRP binds to dying cells?

Answer 65

CRP enters dying cells and binds to DNA.

Question 66

How does CRP activate the immune system?

Answer 66

CRP binds to immune cell receptors and activates the immune system.

Question 67

What system does CRP activate?

Answer 67

CRP activates the Complement system (C3, C4).

Question 68

What is the function of CRP in relation to bacteria?

Answer 68

CRP coats bacteria and marks cells for destruction by the immune system (phagocytosis).

Question 69

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 69

Destruction by the immune system.

Question 70

What CRP level indicates a mild bacterial, viral, or fungal infection?

Answer 70

3-10 mg/L.

Question 71

What CRP level indicates a severe infection?

Answer 71

50-100 mg/L.

Question 72

What CRP level is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)?

Answer 72

10-50 mg/L.

Question 73

What CRP levels indicate low, moderate, and high risk for CVD?

Answer 73

Low risk (≤1 mg/L), Moderate risk (1-3 mg/L), High risk (≥3 mg/L).

Question 74

What factors contribute to moderate risk (1-3 mg/L) for CVD?

Answer 74

Individual genetics, poor diet, low activity levels, and smoking.

Question 75

What conditions are associated with elevated CRP levels?

Answer 75

Autoimmunity, cancer, bowel disease.

Question 76

What are cytokines?

Answer 76

Cytokines are a family of approximately 100 proteins that coordinate the immune response.

Question 77

What does the term 'cytokine' mean?

Answer 77

'Cyto' means cell and 'kine' means movement.

Question 78

When can cytokine concentration be elevated?

Answer 78

Cytokine concentration can be elevated acutely in response to physiological stress and chronically during inflammatory diseases.

Question 79

What is the significance of p < 0.05 in the context of cytokines in RA?

Answer 79

It indicates a statistically significant difference in cytokine levels between patients with RA and age-matched controls.

Question 80

What cytokine is pharmacologically targeted by rituximab in RA therapy?

Answer 80

TNF-alpha.

Question 81

Why are cytokines not used as clinical biomarkers?

Answer 81

Due to their release from many tissues, lack of specificity, and variation between people.

Question 82

What is associated with higher concentrations of cytokines in RA patients?

Answer 82

Disease severity, CRP, and adverse CVD risk.

Question 83

Why are cytokines not used as clinical biomarkers?

Answer 83

Cytokines are not used as clinical biomarkers due to their release from many tissues, lack of specificity, and variation between people.

Question 84

What is C-peptide a biomarker for?

Answer 84

C-peptide is a biomarker for Type-I diabetes.

Question 85

What does Prostate Specific Antigen indicate?

Answer 85

Prostate Specific Antigen indicates Prostate Cancer.

Question 86

What disease is Cystatin C a biomarker for?

Answer 86

Cystatin C is a biomarker for Renal Failure.

Question 87

What condition does Troponin help diagnose?

Answer 87

Troponin helps diagnose Heart Attack.

Question 88

How can these proteins be utilized in medicine?

Answer 88

These proteins can be quantified in blood to screen, diagnose, and monitor disease.

Question 89

What are some tissues where biomarkers can be found?

Answer 89

Biomarkers can be found in the Lungs, Liver, Stomach, Pancreas, and Placenta.

Question 90

What is a notable quote about blood?

Answer 90

"Blood is a very special juice"