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Exercise As Medicine > Impact Of Exercise On The Components Of Blood > Flashcards

Impact Of Exercise On The Components Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Delivery of oxygen to tissues in the body.

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2
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that mediate blood clotting.

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3
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Govern defense against foreign substances.

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4
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Non-cellular fraction contains solutes important for nutrient delivery, bodily functions, and excretion of waste products.

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5
Q

What is the composition of human blood?

A

55% Plasma, 41% White Blood Cells & Platelets, 45% Red Blood Cells.

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6
Q

What is the adult blood volume range?

A

65-75 ml/kg of body weight (= 4.5 - 6L).

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7
Q

What is the role of plasma in the body?

A

Plasma is the non-cellular fraction that contains solutes important for nutrient delivery, bodily functions, and excretion of waste products.

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8
Q

How often can plasma be donated?

A

Plasma can be donated every 28 days.

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9
Q

What are some conditions that may require plasma donation?

A

Plasma donation may be needed for burn victims, bleeding disorders, and liver failure.

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10
Q

How often can platelets be donated?

A

Platelets can be donated every 7 days.

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11
Q

What are some conditions that may require platelet donation?

A

Platelet donation may be needed for major surgery and trauma.

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12
Q

What is the donation frequency for immune cells?

A

There is no donation for 3-6 months and it is monitored.

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13
Q

What are some uses for immune cell donations?

A

Immune cells can be used for stem cell donations and adoptive T cell therapies.

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14
Q

How often can red blood cells or whole blood be donated?

A

Red blood cells or whole blood can be donated every 112 or 36 days.

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15
Q

What are some conditions that may require red blood cell or whole blood donation?

A

Red blood cell or whole blood donation may be needed for trauma, surgery, and blood loss.

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16
Q

What is the overall purpose of blood donation?

A

Blood donation is crucial to save lives.

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17
Q

What can routine blood tests be used for clinically?

A

Routine blood tests can be used clinically to diagnose, establish cause and monitor an individual’s health.

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18
Q

What are the 4 main categories of clinical blood tests?

A

The 4 main categories of clinical blood tests are:
1. Hematology
2. Biochemistry
3. Immunology
4. Toxicology

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19
Q

What does Hematology test for?

A

Hematology tests for blood cells and proteins linked to lymph organs, e.g., bone marrow.

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20
Q

What does Biochemistry test for?

A

Biochemistry tests for solutes, e.g., glucose, lipids or hormones.

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21
Q

What does Immunology test for?

A

Immunology tests for cells and products of the immune system.

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22
Q

What does Toxicology test for?

A

Toxicology tests for the detection and effect of hazardous agents (chemicals, drugs, and environmental toxins).

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23
Q

What is the primary component of blood?

A

Water (90%)

Blood is composed of water and dissolved solutes.

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24
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of dissolved solutes?

A

10%

This includes blood gases, organic substances, and inorganic substances.

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25
Q

What are the main organic substances found in blood?

A

Protein, Lipids, Glucose, Enzymes, Hormones

Examples include Albumin and Globulins.

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26
Q

What are the main inorganic substances in blood?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Calcium

These are essential for various physiological functions.

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27
Q

How can concentrations of solutes in blood be used?

A

To infer health status and assist in diagnosis and monitoring of diseases.

This is particularly useful in clinical settings.

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28
Q

What is a disorder associated with blood?

A

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting.

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29
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins are globulins?

A

35%

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30
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins is albumin?

A

60%

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31
Q

What is the remaining percentage of plasma proteins aside from albumin and globulins?

A

4% (Fibrinogen and other proteins)

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32
Q

What is the estimated number of different proteins in the ‘other’ category?

A

40,000 different proteins

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33
Q

Are the ‘other’ proteins abundant?

A

No, they are less abundant but equally important.

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34
Q

How many different proteins have been estimated to be in the ‘other’ proteins category?

A

40,000 different proteins.

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of the ‘other’ proteins?

A

They are less abundant but equally important.

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36
Q

What triggers the Acute Phase Response?

A

Injury, infection, and psychological stress.

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37
Q

What is released directly in response to an inflammatory stimulus?

A

Proteins.

38
Q

What types of changes occur during the systemic response?

A

Neuroendocrine, metabolic, hematologic, and biochemical changes.

39
Q

What is activated as part of the Acute Phase Response?

A

The immune system.

40
Q

What are released during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Cytokines.

41
Q

What is altered during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Synthesis of proteins within the liver (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and CRP).

42
Q

What happens to molecules during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Altered release of molecules into the bloodstream.

43
Q

What physiological response can occur in the brain during illness?

A

Fever.

44
Q

What behavior can be associated with illness?

A

Illness behavior.

45
Q

What happens to muscle during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Muscle breakdown.

46
Q

What blood cell change occurs during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Leukocytosis.

47
Q

What blood condition can arise during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Anemia.

48
Q

What is the role of Albumin in the bloodstream?

A

Albumin regulates water retention within the bloodstream.

49
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

A

Fibrinogen, together with platelets, forms a clot to prevent pathogen entry.

50
Q

What happens to Albumin levels during an acute phase response in chronic inflammation?

A

Albumin levels decrease due to leakage from the blood.

51
Q

In which diseases are Albumin levels particularly low?

A

Albumin levels are particularly low in inflammatory diseases, especially liver disease.

52
Q

What happens to Fibrinogen levels during an acute phase response?

A

Fibrinogen levels increase due to increased production by the liver.

53
Q

In which conditions are Fibrinogen levels particularly high?

A

Fibrinogen levels are particularly high in cardiovascular-related illnesses.

54
Q

What happens to albumin levels during the acute phase response in chronic inflammation?

A

Albumin levels decrease due to leakage from the blood.

Low in inflammatory disease, particularly liver disease.

55
Q

What happens to fibrinogen levels during the acute phase response?

A

Fibrinogen levels increase due to increased production by the liver.

Particularly high in cardiovascular related illnesses.

56
Q

How are globulins classified?

A

Globulins are classified into alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.

57
Q

What role do gamma globulins play?

A

Gamma globulins, or immunoglobulins, play a vital role in mediating the body’s response to infection.

58
Q

How can antibody concentrations in serum be used?

A

Antibody concentrations in serum can be used to monitor the risk of infection or overactivity of the immune system.

For example, low levels indicate risk of infection, while high levels may indicate allergies (gE).

59
Q

How can autoimmune conditions be diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis of autoimmune conditions can be verified by detecting elevation of serum autoantibodies.

Conditions include type-1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

60
Q

What is C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?

A

CRP is an acute phase protein that amplifies the immune response.

61
Q

What does CRP recognize?

A

CRP recognizes patterns on foreign pathogens, damaged or cancerous cells.

62
Q

What is the role of CRP in the immune response?

A

CRP reduces the consequences of infection, tissue injury, and disease.

63
Q

Is CRP a specific regulator of the immune system?

A

No, raised CRP can occur in many situations.

64
Q

How is raised CRP used in medical assessments?

A

Raised CRP is used with other blood tests, tissue biopsies, and patient symptoms.

65
Q

What happens when CRP binds to dying cells?

A

CRP enters dying cells and binds to DNA.

66
Q

How does CRP activate the immune system?

A

CRP binds to immune cell receptors and activates the immune system.

67
Q

What system does CRP activate?

A

CRP activates the Complement system (C3, C4).

68
Q

What is the function of CRP in relation to bacteria?

A

CRP coats bacteria and marks cells for destruction by the immune system (phagocytosis).

69
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Destruction by the immune system.

70
Q

What CRP level indicates a mild bacterial, viral, or fungal infection?

A

3-10 mg/L.

71
Q

What CRP level indicates a severe infection?

A

50-100 mg/L.

72
Q

What CRP level is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)?

A

10-50 mg/L.

73
Q

What CRP levels indicate low, moderate, and high risk for CVD?

A

Low risk (≤1 mg/L), Moderate risk (1-3 mg/L), High risk (≥3 mg/L).

74
Q

What factors contribute to moderate risk (1-3 mg/L) for CVD?

A

Individual genetics, poor diet, low activity levels, and smoking.

75
Q

What conditions are associated with elevated CRP levels?

A

Autoimmunity, cancer, bowel disease.

76
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are a family of approximately 100 proteins that coordinate the immune response.

77
Q

What does the term ‘cytokine’ mean?

A

‘Cyto’ means cell and ‘kine’ means movement.

78
Q

When can cytokine concentration be elevated?

A

Cytokine concentration can be elevated acutely in response to physiological stress and chronically during inflammatory diseases.

79
Q

What is the significance of p < 0.05 in the context of cytokines in RA?

A

It indicates a statistically significant difference in cytokine levels between patients with RA and age-matched controls.

80
Q

What cytokine is pharmacologically targeted by rituximab in RA therapy?

A

TNF-alpha.

81
Q

Why are cytokines not used as clinical biomarkers?

A

Due to their release from many tissues, lack of specificity, and variation between people.

82
Q

What is associated with higher concentrations of cytokines in RA patients?

A

Disease severity, CRP, and adverse CVD risk.

83
Q

Why are cytokines not used as clinical biomarkers?

A

Cytokines are not used as clinical biomarkers due to their release from many tissues, lack of specificity, and variation between people.

84
Q

What is C-peptide a biomarker for?

A

C-peptide is a biomarker for Type-I diabetes.

85
Q

What does Prostate Specific Antigen indicate?

A

Prostate Specific Antigen indicates Prostate Cancer.

86
Q

What disease is Cystatin C a biomarker for?

A

Cystatin C is a biomarker for Renal Failure.

87
Q

What condition does Troponin help diagnose?

A

Troponin helps diagnose Heart Attack.

88
Q

How can these proteins be utilized in medicine?

A

These proteins can be quantified in blood to screen, diagnose, and monitor disease.

89
Q

What are some tissues where biomarkers can be found?

A

Biomarkers can be found in the Lungs, Liver, Stomach, Pancreas, and Placenta.

90
Q

What is a notable quote about blood?

A

“Blood is a very special juice”

Exercise As Medicine (12 decks)

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