Flash Cards For Relevant Exam, Dementia And Alzhemiers

Question 1

What are the primary characteristics of Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 1

• Cognitive decline: Memory loss, reduced problem-solving, and impaired judgment.
• Behavioral changes: Agitation, depression, and apathy.
• Physical symptoms: Declining motor function and frailty in advanced stages.
• Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for ~ 60-80% of cases.

Question 2

How does exercise benefit individuals with Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 2

• Improves cognitive function by promoting brain health and neuroplasticity.
• Reduces neuroinflammation and slows disease progression.
• Enhances physical function, reducing fall risk and improving mobility.
• Reduces behavioral symptoms like agitation and depression.

Question 3

What types of exercise are most effective for Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 3

1. Aerobic exercise: Walking, cycling, or swimming (3-5 times per week, 30-60 min).
2. Resistance training: Improves muscle strength and physical function (2-3 days per week).
3. Balance and flexibility exercises: Yoga or tai chi to reduce fall risk.
4. Cognitive engagement through exercise: Activities like dancing or group classes that stimulate both the brain and body.

Question 4

What is neurogenesis?

Answer 4

Increases BDNF levels, promoting growth of neurons and synaptic plasticity.

Question 5

How does exercise benefit cerebral blood flow?

Answer 5

Enhanced blood flow delivers oxygen and nutrients, supporting brain health.

Question 6

What effect does exercise have on neuroinflammation?

Answer 6

Exercise decreases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-a).

Question 7

How does exercise aid in amyloid-beta clearance?

Answer 7

May aid in reducing toxic protein buildup in the brain.

Question 8

What is the impact of exercise on mitochondrial function?

Answer 8

Supports energy production and reduces oxidative stress in brain cells.

Question 9

What barriers to exercise might people with Alzheimer’s and dementia face?

Answer 9

Cognitive impairments make remembering and following routines challenging.

Behavioral symptoms like apathy or agitation reduce motivation.

Question 10

What are additional barriers to exercise for people with Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 10

Physical frailty or comorbidities can limit participation.

Safety concerns due to balance issues or wandering behavior.

Question 11

What are common outcome measures used in exercise studies for Alzheimer’s?

Answer 11

Cognitive function: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), verbal fluency, or memory recall tasks.

Question 12

What behavioral symptoms are measured in exercise studies for Alzheimer’s?

Answer 12

Depression, apathy, and agitation scales.

Question 13

What physical performance measures are used in exercise studies for Alzheimer’s?

Answer 13

Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, grip strength, or gait speed.

Question 14

What biomarkers are assessed in exercise studies for Alzheimer’s?

Answer 14

Blood-based markers of inflammation (e.g., IL-6, CRP), and neuroimaging for amyloid-beta.

Question 15

What are the gaps in knowledge about exercise for Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 15

Limited research on the long-term effects of exercise on disease progression.

None

Question 16

What is lacking in the research regarding exercise for Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 16

Lack of clarity on the optimal intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise.

None

Question 17

What type of studies are needed for exercise in Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 17

Need for studies on combining exercise with cognitive or pharmacological interventions.

None

Question 18

What data is insufficient regarding exercise and Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 18

Insufficient data on how exercise impacts different stages of the disease.

None

Question 19

How can adherence to exercise programs be improved for individuals with Alzheimer’s?

Answer 19

Use structured, routine-based programs with clear guidance.

Include caregiver or family support to ensure participation.

Question 20

What types of activities should be included in exercise programs for individuals with Alzheimer’s?

Answer 20

Focus on enjoyable, socially engaging activities like group exercise or dancing.

Adapt programs to individual physical and cognitive capabilities.

Question 21

What implications do exercise studies have for Alzheimer’s and dementia treatment?

Answer 21

Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy that may slow cognitive decline and improve quality of life.

Question 22

How should exercise programs be designed for individuals with Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 22

Programs should be tailored to individual needs and focus on maintaining independence.

Question 23

What is the role of exercise in relation to caregiver burden?

Answer 23

Exercise can reduce caregiver burden by improving patient mood and behavior.

Question 24

What limitations are common in exercise studies on Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Answer 24

• Small sample sizes and high dropout rates due to cognitive or physical decline.
• Difficulty in maintaining adherence to long-term interventions.
• Heterogeneity in exercise protocols makes it challenging to generalize findings.
• Limited use of biomarkers to track neurobiological changes.