renal wrong

Question 1

what is a normal range for an anion gap

Answer 1

10-16

Question 2

causes of a metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap

Answer 2

ABCD
addisons, bicarb loss (vomiting etc), chloride (saline), drugs (acetaxolamide)

(lack of removing acid)

Question 3

What does low c3/c4 indicated
give an example of a renal affected disease which would show low c3/c4

Answer 3

Active immune system as complement proteins are being used up.
Eg SLE shows there is low C3/C4

Question 4

at the beginning of the loop of henle the fluid is…tonic, at the tip of the loop the fluid is…. tonic and as the flui dleave the loop to enter the distal tubule it is … tonic

Answer 4

isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic

as the fluid at the tip has more fluid and salt etc than blood (1200mosmol vs 300mosmol)
and as it enters the distal tubule it is only 200mosmol (vs 300mosmol of blood)

Question 5

how does urine get to the bladder from the kidneys

Answer 5

peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle of the ureters

Question 6

do you get hypokalemia or hyperkalemia in metabolic acidosis

Answer 6

hypokalemia

Question 7

signs of hypocalcemia

Answer 7

tingling of hands and feet

Question 8

normocytic anaemia, low platelets and AKI following diarrhoeal illness- consider…

Answer 8

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Question 9

what is the main differentiation between post streptococcal glomerulonephritis and IgA glomerulonephritis

Answer 9

both present with nephritic syndrome

IgA occurs 2 days after URTI

PSGN occurs 1-2 weeks after URTI

Question 10

how does acute interstitial nephritis present

Answer 10

‘allergic’ type picture consisting usually of raised urinary WCC, IgE, and eosinophils, alongside impaired renal function

Question 11

most common causitive organism of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis

Answer 11

coagulese negative staphylococcus: staph epidermis

Question 12

how does myeloma present

Answer 12

anaemia, hypercalcaemia, bone pain and AKI

(as well as other general cancer symptome eg weight loss)

Question 13

when to give dialysis

Answer 13

A – Acidosis (severe and not responding to treatment)
E – Electrolyte abnormalities (severe and unresponsive hyperkalaemia)
I – Intoxication (overdose of certain medications)
O – Oedema (severe and unresponsive pulmonary oedema)
U – Uraemia symptoms such as seizures or reduced consciousness

Question 14

what is the most common renal cancer

Answer 14

renal clear cell carcinoma

Question 15

who is at risk of renal medullary carcinoma

Answer 15

young males with sickle cell trait

Question 16

most common viral cause of focal segmented glomeruloseclerosis

Answer 16

HIV