endocrine wrong Flashcards
what enzyme that converts active cortisol into inactive cortisol (cortisone)
11B-HSDII
(this is to stop cortisol outcompeting aldosterone binding to MR receptors)
what receptor does aldosterone bind to
MR receptors (mineralocorticoid Receptors)
cause of conns syndrome. include most common cause of conns
bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (60-70%)
adrenal adenoma etc
how is cortisol produced (from hypothalamus to pituitary…)
hypothalamus procuces CRH which acts on ANTERIOR pituitary releasing ACTH which acts on ZONA FASCIULATA (in adrenal cortex) to procude cortisol
CRH> ACTH> Cortisol
hormone pathway for breast milk and inhibitor
PRH (hypo.)> prolactin (in Ant. pit.)> breast milk
inhibited by dopamine sent from hypo
hormone pathway for thyroid hormone
TRH (hypo)> TSH (ant.pit.)> T3/T4 produced from thyroid gland
hormone pathway for insulin like growth factor
and inhibited by?
GHRH (hypo)> GH (ant.pit.)> liver to produce IGF (which acts on body tissues for growth)
inhibited by somatostatin (Hypo.)
GnRH hormone pathway
what inhibits GnRH
GnRH (hypo)> FSH & LH (both in ant. pit.) to produce androgens from testes
or
acts on ovaries too to produce estrogen and progesterone.
LH > germ cells of fonads
prolactin inhibits GnRH
posterior pituitary hormones
ADH (vasopressin) from hypothalamus throu Pos. pit. acts on kidneys to retain water
oxytocin (hypo)> mammary glands to stimulate contractions of breast tissue to aid lactation
thiazilodenes main mechanism of action and how they act
Which drug is an insulin sensitiser and acts on PPAR gamma agonist
Acromegaly associated with what type of vision loss
bilateral hemiopenia
de quervains has what type of goitre
PAINFUL
What is classed as hyperglycaemia
> 30mmol/L
where is affected by Tumours in Men1 disease
parathyroid, phaechromocytoma and pancreas, pituitary
where is affected by tumours caused by men 2a disease
medullary thyroid cancer
phaechromotyoma
parathyroid
where are tumours found men 2b disease
medullary thyroid cancer
phaechromotyoma
what cells produce calcitonin
C cells aka parafollicular cells
what type of goitre is present in graves disease
smooth goitre
what drug can cause hypothyroidism presentation or a hyperthyroidism presentation
amiadarone
side effect of spironolactone
gynaecomastaemia
(most common drug cause of this)
prediabeted in hba1c
what is pretibial myexoedema and what is it a symptom of
waxy shiny discoloured atrophic shins, hyperthyroidism
3 causes for a higher-than-expected Hba1c reading
splenectomy
iron deficency anaemia
vitamin b12/folic acid deficiency
these all inc lifespan of red blood cell
target blood pressure for someone <80 yrs old
clinic: <140/90
ABPM/HBPM: <135/85
kallmans syndrome blood results
low/normal LH & FSH
low testosterone
what drug for heart failure can cause gynaecomastemia
digoxin
SIADH characterised by
hyponatraemia, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality
tsh and t4 levels for poor compliance with thyroxine
high TSH, normal T4
subclinical hypothroidism TSH and T4 results
high TSH normal T4
steroid therapy TSH and T4 results
low TSH, normal T4
cause of primary hypogonadism and results
kleinfelters
high fsh/LH and low testosterone
causes of secondary hypogonadism and blood results
(3)
kallmans syndrome, prolactinoma, pituitary adenoma etc.
low/ normal (inappropriately normal) fSH/LH > low testosterone
abg results for prolonged diarreah
metabolic acidosis with hypokalemia
abg results for addisonian crisis
metaboic acidosis aith hyperkalemia
abg results for hyperaldosteronism
metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia
abg results for cushings syndrome
same as hyperaldosteronism abg results
abg results for cushings syndrome
same as hyperaldosteronism abg results
most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
