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Renal/Urinary tract disorders Flashcards

1
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal, enclosed in the renal capsule

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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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3
Q

what has to be involved in order for pain to be present with the kidney

A

when renal capsule or ureter is involved–kidneys do not have pain receptors

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4
Q

renal pyramid function

A

channels output to renal pelvis for excretion

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5
Q

renal calyx function

A

channels formed urine from the renal pyramids to the renal pelvis

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6
Q

renal pelvis function

A

blood containing waste products forms urine and is channeled away

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7
Q

Ureter function

A

tube that terminates in the urethra

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8
Q

Cortex function

A

outer layer of the kidney

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9
Q

medulla location and what is it composed of

A

inner portion of kidney, composed of renal pyramids and tubular structures

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10
Q

Glomerulus located in nephron function

A

act as filter for passage of protein-free and RBC-free filtrate

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11
Q

Bowmans capsule located in nephron function

A

contains glomerulus and acts as a filter for urine

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12
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) located in nephron function

A

site of reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, metabolites and electrolytes from filtrate

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13
Q

Loop of henle located in nephron function

A

further concentration of filtrate through reabsorption

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14
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) located in nephron function

A

site from which filtrate enters the collecting tubule

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15
Q

collecting tubule located in nephron function

A

releases urine

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16
Q

what kind of diffusion does Bowmans capsule operate under?

A

passive diffusion

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17
Q

Normal GFR

A

120ml/min

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18
Q

what happens to glucose when there is too much of it?

A

it gets dumped out in urine

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19
Q

efferent neurons function

A

artery carrying blood AWAY from glomerulus

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20
Q

afferent neurons function

A

artery carrying blood TO glomerulus

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21
Q

parasympathetic system does what to urinary system

A

contracts it

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22
Q

sympathetic system does what to urinary system

A

relaxes it

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23
Q

ureters function

A

transport urine from each kidney to bladder

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24
Q

how is autoregulation of renal blood flow accomplished?

A

changing renal vascular resistance

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25
what happens when to renal blood flow when there is vasoconstriction of renal arteries?
decrease in renal blood flow
26
what happens to GFR when there is vasoconstriction
it decreases
27
what happens to renal blood flow when there is vasodilation?
it increases
28
what happens to GFR when there is vasodilation?
it increases
29
Angiotension II at low concentrations constricts efferent arterioles which does what to GFR?
increases it
30
Angiotension II at high concentrations constricts efferent arterioles which does what to GFR?
decreases it
31
what do ACE inhibitors do to efferent arterioles and how does it effect GFR?
dilates them which decreases GFR
32
which substances are not usually filtered?
large proteins, negatively charged molecules, lipid soluble hormones bound to plasma proteins
33
what is filtered through kidneys but NOT reabsorbed or secreted?
inulin
34
Oncotic pressure of Bowmans capsule allows how much protein to be filtered?
a small amount of protein
35
increased hydrostatic pressure of Bowmans capsule is done by the ureters by doing what?
constricting
36
ANP and BNP do what?
cause relaxation
37
why does NFP decrease with liver disease?
not making plasma proteins
38
what happens to BUN and serum creatinine when GRF is decreased?
they increase
39
if there is an increase in plasma protein what happens to GFR?
it increases
40
if there is a ureteral stone, what happens to GFR?
it decreases
41
primary active transport
Hydrogen and calcium are removed from cells
42
secondary active transport
sodium (or other ions)supply energy for transport
43
transport maximum
max rate that a substance will be reabsorbed
44
Urinalysis is a test for the evaluation of?
renal system and for determining renal disease
45
Urine culture and sensitivity is a urine test that identifies the presence of?
microorganisms and determines the specific antibiotics needed
46
Specific gravity is a urine test that measures?
specific gravity of urine
47
creatinine clearance is the most accurate when measuring what?
GFR
48
clearance refers to the complete removal of a substance from what?
the blood
49
why is creatinine clearance important?
because creatinine is filtered by glomeruli but not reabsorbed by the tubules
50
how is the creatinine clearance test done?
blood is drawn at start of test and morning the day that 24 hr urine specimen collection is complete
51
what should you tell the patient to do while doing creatinine clearance test
drink lots of fluids before and during the test, avoid teas coffee, medications during test
52
GFR is a function of
permeability of capillary walls | vascular pressure and filtration pressure
53
relationship between GFR and creatinine clearance
creatinine clearance = GFR since tubules neither reabsorb nor secrete creatinine
54
Creatinine clearance calculation
GFR + (quantity of urine) x (creatinine concentration in urine) / (serum creatinine)
55
VMA (Anillylmandelic Acid) test
24 hr urine collection to diagnose pheochromocytoma, a tumor of adrenal gland
56
because a VMA (Anillylmandelic Acid) test is looking for a pheochromocytoma, (a tumor of adrenal gland) what will there be lots of in the urine?
catecholamines
57
17-Ketosteroids test
24 hr urine that tests for endocrine imbalances
58
uric acid test
24 hr urine test to diagnose gout and kidney disease
59
KUB
looks for kidney stones
60
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
injection of dye that outlines the renal system
61
what should patient do after a Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
drink at least 1 liter of fluid, monitor for bleeding
62
renal angiography
injection of dye to examine renal arterial supply
63
renal angiography pre-procedure duties
warn patient may feel burning sensation after dye injected, NPO after midnight, void right before procedure, give enema, mark peripheral pulses
64
renal angiography post-procedure duties
assess peripheral pulses, bedrest, sandbag insertion 4-8 hrs, give fluids
65
Renal scan
IV injection of dye to show renal blood flow
66
renal scan pre-procedure duties
patient will be motionless
67
renal scan post-procedure duties
radioactivity is eliminated in 24 hrs, (double bag diapers)
68
oliguria
urine <400ml/day, this results in renal failure if not corrected
69
anuria
complete cessation of urine flow
70
significant acute renal failure is associated with DAILY increase in?
serum creatinine and urea nitrogen
71
pre-renal causes of acute renal failure
hypovolemia, cardiovascular disorders, peripheral vasodilation, renovascular obstruction, severe vasoconstriction,
72
pre-renal causes of ARF can lead to what?
Intra-renal causes
73
pre-renal causes of ARF cannot lead to?
post-renal causes
74
Intra-renal causes of ARF
acute tubular necrosis, obstetric complications, pigment release, parenchymal disorders
75
parenchymal disorders
parts of an organ that are concerned with its function as opposed to its framework
76
parenchymal disorder example
sickle cell disease
77
acute tubular necrosis
something attacked nephron
78
post-renal causes of ARF
ureteral obstruction, bladder obstruction, urethral obstruction
79
#1 post-renal cause of ARF
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
80
gold standard for interstitial nephritis diagnoses?
renal biopsy
81
when will BUN be increased?
GI bleed, renal failure
82
when will creatinine be increased?
renal failure
83
osteitis fibrosa
high bone turn over, low calcium levels
84
osteomalacia
low bone turnover
85
uremics will have high or low levels of serum calcium?
low

Patho (20 decks)

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