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Patho > Renal/Urinary tract disorders > Flashcards

Renal/Urinary tract disorders Flashcards

1
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal, enclosed in the renal capsule

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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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3
Q

what has to be involved in order for pain to be present with the kidney

A

when renal capsule or ureter is involved–kidneys do not have pain receptors

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4
Q

renal pyramid function

A

channels output to renal pelvis for excretion

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5
Q

renal calyx function

A

channels formed urine from the renal pyramids to the renal pelvis

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6
Q

renal pelvis function

A

blood containing waste products forms urine and is channeled away

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7
Q

Ureter function

A

tube that terminates in the urethra

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8
Q

Cortex function

A

outer layer of the kidney

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9
Q

medulla location and what is it composed of

A

inner portion of kidney, composed of renal pyramids and tubular structures

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10
Q

Glomerulus located in nephron function

A

act as filter for passage of protein-free and RBC-free filtrate

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11
Q

Bowmans capsule located in nephron function

A

contains glomerulus and acts as a filter for urine

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12
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) located in nephron function

A

site of reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, metabolites and electrolytes from filtrate

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13
Q

Loop of henle located in nephron function

A

further concentration of filtrate through reabsorption

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14
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) located in nephron function

A

site from which filtrate enters the collecting tubule

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15
Q

collecting tubule located in nephron function

A

releases urine

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16
Q

what kind of diffusion does Bowmans capsule operate under?

A

passive diffusion

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17
Q

Normal GFR

A

120ml/min

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18
Q

what happens to glucose when there is too much of it?

A

it gets dumped out in urine

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19
Q

efferent neurons function

A

artery carrying blood AWAY from glomerulus

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20
Q

afferent neurons function

A

artery carrying blood TO glomerulus

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21
Q

parasympathetic system does what to urinary system

A

contracts it

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22
Q

sympathetic system does what to urinary system

A

relaxes it

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23
Q

ureters function

A

transport urine from each kidney to bladder

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24
Q

how is autoregulation of renal blood flow accomplished?

A

changing renal vascular resistance

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25
Q

what happens when to renal blood flow when there is vasoconstriction of renal arteries?

A

decrease in renal blood flow

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26
Q

what happens to GFR when there is vasoconstriction

A

it decreases

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27
Q

what happens to renal blood flow when there is vasodilation?

A

it increases

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28
Q

what happens to GFR when there is vasodilation?

A

it increases

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29
Q

Angiotension II at low concentrations constricts efferent arterioles which does what to GFR?

A

increases it

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30
Q

Angiotension II at high concentrations constricts efferent arterioles which does what to GFR?

A

decreases it

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31
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do to efferent arterioles and how does it effect GFR?

A

dilates them which decreases GFR

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32
Q

which substances are not usually filtered?

A

large proteins, negatively charged molecules, lipid soluble hormones bound to plasma proteins

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33
Q

what is filtered through kidneys but NOT reabsorbed or secreted?

A

inulin

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34
Q

Oncotic pressure of Bowmans capsule allows how much protein to be filtered?

A

a small amount of protein

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35
Q

increased hydrostatic pressure of Bowmans capsule is done by the ureters by doing what?

A

constricting

36
Q

ANP and BNP do what?

A

cause relaxation

37
Q

why does NFP decrease with liver disease?

A

not making plasma proteins

38
Q

what happens to BUN and serum creatinine when GRF is decreased?

A

they increase

39
Q

if there is an increase in plasma protein what happens to GFR?

A

it increases

40
Q

if there is a ureteral stone, what happens to GFR?

A

it decreases

41
Q

primary active transport

A

Hydrogen and calcium are removed from cells

42
Q

secondary active transport

A

sodium (or other ions)supply energy for transport

43
Q

transport maximum

A

max rate that a substance will be reabsorbed

44
Q

Urinalysis is a test for the evaluation of?

A

renal system and for determining renal disease

45
Q

Urine culture and sensitivity is a urine test that identifies the presence of?

A

microorganisms and determines the specific antibiotics needed

46
Q

Specific gravity is a urine test that measures?

A

specific gravity of urine

47
Q

creatinine clearance is the most accurate when measuring what?

A

GFR

48
Q

clearance refers to the complete removal of a substance from what?

A

the blood

49
Q

why is creatinine clearance important?

A

because creatinine is filtered by glomeruli but not reabsorbed by the tubules

50
Q

how is the creatinine clearance test done?

A

blood is drawn at start of test and morning the day that 24 hr urine specimen collection is complete

51
Q

what should you tell the patient to do while doing creatinine clearance test

A

drink lots of fluids before and during the test, avoid teas coffee, medications during test

52
Q

GFR is a function of

A

permeability of capillary walls

vascular pressure and filtration pressure

53
Q

relationship between GFR and creatinine clearance

A

creatinine clearance = GFR since tubules neither reabsorb nor secrete creatinine

54
Q

Creatinine clearance calculation

A

GFR + (quantity of urine) x (creatinine concentration in urine) / (serum creatinine)

55
Q

VMA (Anillylmandelic Acid) test

A

24 hr urine collection to diagnose pheochromocytoma, a tumor of adrenal gland

56
Q

because a VMA (Anillylmandelic Acid) test is looking for a pheochromocytoma, (a tumor of adrenal gland) what will there be lots of in the urine?

A

catecholamines

57
Q

17-Ketosteroids test

A

24 hr urine that tests for endocrine imbalances

58
Q

uric acid test

A

24 hr urine test to diagnose gout and kidney disease

59
Q

KUB

A

looks for kidney stones

60
Q

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

injection of dye that outlines the renal system

61
Q

what should patient do after a Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

drink at least 1 liter of fluid, monitor for bleeding

62
Q

renal angiography

A

injection of dye to examine renal arterial supply

63
Q

renal angiography pre-procedure duties

A

warn patient may feel burning sensation after dye injected, NPO after midnight, void right before procedure, give enema, mark peripheral pulses

64
Q

renal angiography post-procedure duties

A

assess peripheral pulses, bedrest, sandbag insertion 4-8 hrs, give fluids

65
Q

Renal scan

A

IV injection of dye to show renal blood flow

66
Q

renal scan pre-procedure duties

A

patient will be motionless

67
Q

renal scan post-procedure duties

A

radioactivity is eliminated in 24 hrs, (double bag diapers)

68
Q

oliguria

A

urine <400ml/day, this results in renal failure if not corrected

69
Q

anuria

A

complete cessation of urine flow

70
Q

significant acute renal failure is associated with DAILY increase in?

A

serum creatinine and urea nitrogen

71
Q

pre-renal causes of acute renal failure

A

hypovolemia, cardiovascular disorders, peripheral vasodilation, renovascular obstruction, severe vasoconstriction,

72
Q

pre-renal causes of ARF can lead to what?

A

Intra-renal causes

73
Q

pre-renal causes of ARF cannot lead to?

A

post-renal causes

74
Q

Intra-renal causes of ARF

A

acute tubular necrosis, obstetric complications, pigment release, parenchymal disorders

75
Q

parenchymal disorders

A

parts of an organ that are concerned with its function as opposed to its framework

76
Q

parenchymal disorder example

A

sickle cell disease

77
Q

acute tubular necrosis

A

something attacked nephron

78
Q

post-renal causes of ARF

A

ureteral obstruction, bladder obstruction, urethral obstruction

79
Q

1 post-renal cause of ARF

A

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

80
Q

gold standard for interstitial nephritis diagnoses?

A

renal biopsy

81
Q

when will BUN be increased?

A

GI bleed, renal failure

82
Q

when will creatinine be increased?

A

renal failure

83
Q

osteitis fibrosa

A

high bone turn over, low calcium levels

84
Q

osteomalacia

A

low bone turnover

85
Q

uremics will have high or low levels of serum calcium?

A

low

Patho (20 decks)

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