Eyes Flashcards
external layer of eye
sclera, cornea
sclera
white tissue
cornea
transparent layer
middle layer
choroid, ciliary body, iris
choroid
supplies nutrients to retina
ciliary body
helps give eye its shape
iris
eye color
internal layer
retina
retina
fibers of the optic nerve are distributed here
what is the retina boarded by?
chorotis and sclera
rods & cones are in which part of the eye?
retina
rods
peripheral vision
cones
color vision
vitreous
responsible for shape of eye (along with ciliary body)
optic disk
blind spot, optic nerve enters/exits at this area
fova centralis
acute vision occurs
Lacrimal gland
produces tears
aqueous humor anterior chamber lies where?
between cornea and iris
aqueous humor posterior chamber lies where?
between iris and lens
canal of schlemm
extends around eye, allows fluid to drain
lens
bends ray of light to fall into retina
pupils
control amount of light that goes to retina
do pupils dilate or constrict at night? light?
night=dilate, light=contrict
conjunctivae
located over sclera
which nerve is responsible for sensory?
Cranial nerve II
rectus muscles turn toward…
turns toward temporal
oblique muscles turn towards
nasal
what happens to pupils during accommodation when looking at a distance?
dilate
what happens to pupils during accommodation when looking at something close?
constrict
light procedure for pupils
pt is took look straight ahead while examiner flashes light from each side into eye
accommodation procedure for pupils
pt is to look straight aheads in distance & then is to focus on something close
fluorescein angiography
put something in blood vessels so you can see it
fluorescein staining
put something on vessel and shine light into it
Ambler testing
tests for macular degeneration
hyperopia
farshighted
myopia
nearshited
who gets convened lens?
farsighted people
who gets concave lens?
nearshited
confrontation exam
pt covers one eye while examiner covers the same eye
cataracts
opacity of lens, no red reflex
astigmatism
more than one focal point
is visual acuity affected with contusions?
no
Exopthalmos
BIG EYE BALLS, d/t hyperthyroidism
Dacryocytosis
infection of lacrimal sac d/t an obstruction
diagnostics for dacryocytosis
CBC, leukocytosis
Blepharitis
most common inflammation of eyelid
Blepharitis s/s
lids inflamed, oily secretions, visual acuity okay, loss of lashes (late)
Chalazion and s/s
indurated lesion, painless, chronic
entropion
lid is turned inward
extropion
lid is turned outward
entropion/extropion can cause what?
tearing
difference between bacterial & viral conjunctivitis?
bacterial has a lot of discharge, viral does not
If there is no improvement of bacterial & viral conjunctivitis, what do you order?
C and S, gram stain
What do you see on chronic allergic conjunctivitis?
abrasions on cornea
which is worse with chemical conjunctivitis, alkaline chemicals or acidotic chemicals?
alkaline burns worse so thats why we do PH testing to see which it is!
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage, what is it and how does it develop?
small blood rupture in the conjunctival tissue, develops after straining or coughing
How is visual acuity with hyphema?
its decreased
Hyphema
blood in anterior chamber of eye, cause by trauma, refer to opthalmologist
Episcleritis
benign inflammatory of sclera
Is Episcleritis bilateral or unilateral?
bila
Episcleritis s/s
no discharge, lactimation, photophobia
photophobia
intolerance of light
Scleritis
inflammation of sclera that can result in severe destructive disease
Scleritis s/s and is it unilateral or bilateral?
painful, “boring” pain, unilateral, photophobia
what do we check for with scleritis?
autoimmune diseases!
Keratitis
infection of cornea
what happens to visual acuity with Keratitis?
decreases
Keratitis s/s
discharge, cornea cloudy
If Blepharitis does not resolve in a month what do you do?
biopsy
open angle glaucoma and s/s
parcial blockage, fluid is slow to get out
tunnel vision, cupping of otic disk, halos
closed angle glaucoma and s/s
full blockage of fluid
halos, visual acuity decreased
acute glaucoma
sudden closer of canal
herpetic infection of cornea s/s (visual acuity)
pain, photophobia, cliliary flush, visul acuity decreased
Periorbital/ orbital cellulitis
infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue around eye
which is a medical emergency periorbital or orbital cellulitis?
orbital we need to do a CT scan
Iritis
inflammation of iris, aching pain, blurred vision, tearing, need a referral!
both need referrals but what is more of an emergency acute closed-angle glaucoma or open angle?
acute closed
typical symptoms of glaucoma?
halos
How do we treat glaucoma?
we give them medications to constrict pupils, example beta blockers
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
decrease production of aqueous humor (treatment for glaucoma)
which medications should you avoid for glaucoma?
anticholinergic meds because they can dilate pupils and we don’t want that!
Macular degeneration
atrophy of retinal pigmentation and neovascularization. You loose central vision
cataracts
blurred vision!
what is fluorescein angiography used for in macular degeneration testing?
to differentiate between atropic and neovascular
s/s diabetic retinopathy
wool spots, lipid deposits, microaneurysms
Detatched retina treatment
draining fluid, cryosurgery, laser therapy, scleral buckling, inserting gas
scleral buckling
Treatment of detached retina:
holds choroid & retina together
Diathermy
treatment of detached retina:
use of electrode needle and heat to stimulate inflammatory response
Enucleation
removal of entire eyeball
exenteration
removal of eyeball, surrounding tissue and bone
Ishihara test
test for colorblindness
a lens that is too thin will cause an object to focus behind retina, directly on retina or infront of retina?
behind the retina
The conjunctiva over the cornea becomes swollen is called
Chemosis
