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Patho > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine pancreatic enzymes

A

digestive enzymes and sodium bicarb

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2
Q

which type of cells make the exocrine pancreatic enzymes?

A

acini cells

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3
Q

endocrine pancreatic hormones

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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4
Q

which type of cells make the endocrine pancreatic hormones?

A

cells in Islets of Langerhans

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5
Q

which type of cells make insulin

A

beta cells

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6
Q

which type of cells make glucagon

A

alpha cells

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7
Q

which type of cells make somatostatin

A

delta cells

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8
Q

where do exocrine enzymes go after they are made?

A

pancreatic duct

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9
Q

where do endocrine hormones go after they are made?

A

capillaries

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10
Q

how does insulin lower glucose levels?

A

it allows glucose to enter into cells

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11
Q

glucagon function

A

they release glucose from liver into blood in between times of eating

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12
Q

how does Somatostatin lower glucose levels?

A

decreases GI activity to extend time for food absorption

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13
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

helps to stimulate appetite

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14
Q

what happens to blood glucose after a meal?

A

it rises which insulin gets secreted, glucose is stored as fatty acids

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15
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose stored in liver as glycogen

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16
Q

what happens to blood glucose between meals in order to maintain levels?

A

liver releases glucose

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17
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen broken down to release glucose to feed brain

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18
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose from amino acids, glycerol and lactate

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19
Q

insulin is made up of how many peptides?

A

3

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20
Q

hypoglycemia s/s

A

hunger, tremor, sweating, weakness, malaise, irritability

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21
Q

hyperglycemia s/s

A

polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, dehydration

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22
Q

insulin action on potassium

A

it increases cell uptake which lowers the K levels in the blood

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23
Q

insulin action on adipose tissue

A

increases glucose uptake

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24
Q

insulin action on muscle

A

increase glucose and amino acids

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25
Q

insulin action on liver

A

increases glycogen uptake

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26
Q

Anabolic insulin action

A

promotes synthesis of proteins

27
Q

how do catecholamines maintain blood glucose during stress?

A

mobilize glycogen stores, decreases movement of glucose into cells in order to feed brain, inhibits insulin release

28
Q

what happens to people who are onbeta blockers?

A

hypogycemia s/s dont come through as well

29
Q

growth hormone function

A

increases protein synthesis in ALL cells, it doesnt want glucose to go into cells

30
Q

GLP-1 and GIP and Amylin

A

hormones released from gut, slow metabolism down and stop glucagon from being released

31
Q

4 cells that dont require insulin to get glucose?

A

nerve cells, endothelial cells, RBCs, glamerial lining

32
Q

type 1 has polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia but what does type 2 have?

A

polyuria and polydipsia

33
Q

which diagnostic test is preferred?

A

fasting plasma glucose

34
Q

who uses oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

pregnant people

35
Q

postprandial plasma glucose (PPG)

A

taken 2 hours after a meal to see how well insulin brings down BS level

36
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)

A

most specific, reflects average BS over 2-3months

37
Q

urine glucose only reflects what?

A

glucose in urine

38
Q

c-peptide assaays

A

reliable indicator for pancreatic beta cell function, this distinguishes between type 1 and type2

39
Q

syndrome x

A

people who are “apple shape”, have low HDL, SBP130, fasting lgucose 110, if you have 3 of these you have thi syndrome!

40
Q

increased uric acid levels, fatty liver, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hemochtomatosis (iron overload) and acanthosis nigricans are associated with what?

A

syndrome x

41
Q

if you think a person is in DKA what test do you do?

A

random plasma glucose >200

42
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

lack of BS control during pregnancy that wasnt there before

43
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

type 1, onset within 24hrs, glucose accumulates in blood , fatty acids accumulate in liver and convert to ketones which then accumulate in blood and urine

44
Q

halmark for DKA

A

fruity breath

45
Q

DKA s/s

A

kussmaul respirations, fruity breath, decreased intracellular K and phosphorous levels, dehydrated, ketonuria, serum glucose 250-600

46
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)

A

type 2, have insulin insufficiency, polyuria for several days, serum glucose >600

47
Q

is there ketoses with Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)?

A

no because there is some insulin!

48
Q

which system kicks in with hypoglycemia?

A

the SNS system

49
Q

neuroglycopenia

A

hypoglycemia that causes altered cerebral function d/t brain starvation, thats why you get confused, are irritable, and weak

50
Q

noctunal hypoglycemia

A

morning headaches, night sweats, nightmares

51
Q

somogyi effect

A

unrecognized hypoglycemia at night then hyperglycemia in am, check BS in middle of night

52
Q

dawn phenomenon

A

hyperglycemia in am without hypoglycemia in middle of the night because the liver gives us a morning “snack”

53
Q

glucose overutilization, changes in short-lived glycoproteins, tissue oxygenation, non-enzymatic glycosylation are theories about what?

A

reasons for diabetic complications

54
Q

polyneuropathies, mononeuropathies and amyotrophy are which kind of peripheral neuropathies

A

somatic, youll have tingling in extremities, muscle weakness and diminished reflexes

55
Q

impaired vasomotor function, impaired GI function, and cranial nerve problems are which kind of peripheral neuropathy?

A

autonomic

56
Q

Retinopathy is more prevalent in which type of diabetic?

A

type 1

57
Q

what happens to kidneys with diabetics?

A

it hypertrophies, starts to leak, proteinuria

58
Q

what prevents nephropathy in diabetics?

A

Ace inhibitors protect kidneys

59
Q

best prevention for neuropathy

A

prevention!, be sure shoes are good fit, inspect for ulcers

60
Q

granuloma annulare

A

smooth plaque that are thickened and ring shaped

61
Q

xanthomas

A

papules and nodules found in hands and feet

62
Q

necrobiosis lipoidica

A

skin condition that puts person at risk for skin carcinoma

63
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

brown build up, see around neck and creases

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