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Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine pancreatic enzymes

A

digestive enzymes and sodium bicarb

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2
Q

which type of cells make the exocrine pancreatic enzymes?

A

acini cells

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3
Q

endocrine pancreatic hormones

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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4
Q

which type of cells make the endocrine pancreatic hormones?

A

cells in Islets of Langerhans

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5
Q

which type of cells make insulin

A

beta cells

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6
Q

which type of cells make glucagon

A

alpha cells

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7
Q

which type of cells make somatostatin

A

delta cells

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8
Q

where do exocrine enzymes go after they are made?

A

pancreatic duct

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9
Q

where do endocrine hormones go after they are made?

A

capillaries

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10
Q

how does insulin lower glucose levels?

A

it allows glucose to enter into cells

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11
Q

glucagon function

A

they release glucose from liver into blood in between times of eating

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12
Q

how does Somatostatin lower glucose levels?

A

decreases GI activity to extend time for food absorption

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13
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

helps to stimulate appetite

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14
Q

what happens to blood glucose after a meal?

A

it rises which insulin gets secreted, glucose is stored as fatty acids

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15
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose stored in liver as glycogen

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16
Q

what happens to blood glucose between meals in order to maintain levels?

A

liver releases glucose

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17
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen broken down to release glucose to feed brain

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18
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose from amino acids, glycerol and lactate

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19
Q

insulin is made up of how many peptides?

A

3

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20
Q

hypoglycemia s/s

A

hunger, tremor, sweating, weakness, malaise, irritability

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21
Q

hyperglycemia s/s

A

polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, dehydration

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22
Q

insulin action on potassium

A

it increases cell uptake which lowers the K levels in the blood

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23
Q

insulin action on adipose tissue

A

increases glucose uptake

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24
Q

insulin action on muscle

A

increase glucose and amino acids

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25
insulin action on liver
increases glycogen uptake
26
Anabolic insulin action
promotes synthesis of proteins
27
how do catecholamines maintain blood glucose during stress?
mobilize glycogen stores, decreases movement of glucose into cells in order to feed brain, inhibits insulin release
28
what happens to people who are onbeta blockers?
hypogycemia s/s dont come through as well
29
growth hormone function
increases protein synthesis in ALL cells, it doesnt want glucose to go into cells
30
GLP-1 and GIP and Amylin
hormones released from gut, slow metabolism down and stop glucagon from being released
31
4 cells that dont require insulin to get glucose?
nerve cells, endothelial cells, RBCs, glamerial lining
32
type 1 has polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia but what does type 2 have?
polyuria and polydipsia
33
which diagnostic test is preferred?
fasting plasma glucose
34
who uses oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
pregnant people
35
postprandial plasma glucose (PPG)
taken 2 hours after a meal to see how well insulin brings down BS level
36
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)
most specific, reflects average BS over 2-3months
37
urine glucose only reflects what?
glucose in urine
38
c-peptide assaays
reliable indicator for pancreatic beta cell function, this distinguishes between type 1 and type2
39
syndrome x
people who are "apple shape", have low HDL, SBP130, fasting lgucose 110, if you have 3 of these you have thi syndrome!
40
increased uric acid levels, fatty liver, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hemochtomatosis (iron overload) and acanthosis nigricans are associated with what?
syndrome x
41
if you think a person is in DKA what test do you do?
random plasma glucose >200
42
Gestational diabetes
lack of BS control during pregnancy that wasnt there before
43
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
type 1, onset within 24hrs, glucose accumulates in blood , fatty acids accumulate in liver and convert to ketones which then accumulate in blood and urine
44
halmark for DKA
fruity breath
45
DKA s/s
kussmaul respirations, fruity breath, decreased intracellular K and phosphorous levels, dehydrated, ketonuria, serum glucose 250-600
46
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)
type 2, have insulin insufficiency, polyuria for several days, serum glucose >600
47
is there ketoses with Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)?
no because there is some insulin!
48
which system kicks in with hypoglycemia?
the SNS system
49
neuroglycopenia
hypoglycemia that causes altered cerebral function d/t brain starvation, thats why you get confused, are irritable, and weak
50
noctunal hypoglycemia
morning headaches, night sweats, nightmares
51
somogyi effect
unrecognized hypoglycemia at night then hyperglycemia in am, check BS in middle of night
52
dawn phenomenon
hyperglycemia in am without hypoglycemia in middle of the night because the liver gives us a morning "snack"
53
glucose overutilization, changes in short-lived glycoproteins, tissue oxygenation, non-enzymatic glycosylation are theories about what?
reasons for diabetic complications
54
polyneuropathies, mononeuropathies and amyotrophy are which kind of peripheral neuropathies
somatic, youll have tingling in extremities, muscle weakness and diminished reflexes
55
impaired vasomotor function, impaired GI function, and cranial nerve problems are which kind of peripheral neuropathy?
autonomic
56
Retinopathy is more prevalent in which type of diabetic?
type 1
57
what happens to kidneys with diabetics?
it hypertrophies, starts to leak, proteinuria
58
what prevents nephropathy in diabetics?
Ace inhibitors protect kidneys
59
best prevention for neuropathy
prevention!, be sure shoes are good fit, inspect for ulcers
60
granuloma annulare
smooth plaque that are thickened and ring shaped
61
xanthomas
papules and nodules found in hands and feet
62
necrobiosis lipoidica
skin condition that puts person at risk for skin carcinoma
63
acanthosis nigricans
brown build up, see around neck and creases

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