Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
arterial bleed s/s and how fast does it appears?
A
quick, headache
2
Q
subdural is venous or arterial?
A
venous
3
Q
layers of skull starting with outside layer in
A
dura, arachnoid membrane, pia, subarachnoid space,
4
Q
primary headache examples
A
migraine, tension-type, cluster
5
Q
secondary headache examples
A
head trauma, medication overuse, infection, bleeding
6
Q
brain parenchyma, ependymal lining of ventricles and choroid plexuses are brain structures that are sensitive or insensitive to pain?
A
insensitive
7
Q
trigeminal neuralgia
A
quick, severe facial pain
8
Q
what actions can stimulate trigeminal neuralgia
A
washing face, chewing, eating foods or fluids that are extreme temperatures
9
Q
Temporal Arteritis s/s
A
jaw claudication, fever, weight loss, visual disturbances
10
Q
Diagnostic test used for temporal arteritis***
A
increased ESR!!, need to biopsy artery
11
Q
migraine without aura diagnostic criteria
A
at least 5 attacks, last 4-72 hrs, at least n/v or photophbia
12
Q
migraine with aura diagnostic criteria
A
at least 2 attacks, visual symptoms in one or both eyes, has 1 aura symptom over >5 mins
13
Q
Tension-Type Headache (TTH) s/s
A
no n/v and with at least 2 symptoms of : not aggravated by routine activity, mild or moderate intensity, bilateral
14
Q
how long do tension-type headaches last?
A
30 minutes to 7 days
15
Q
how long do migraine with aura last?
A
4-72 hrs
16
Q
how long do cluster headaches last?
A
30-90 mins
17
Q
location of migraines?
A
unilateral
18
Q
location of tension headaches?
A
bilateral
19
Q
location of cluster headaches?
A
strictly unilateral
20
Q
how frequent are migraines?
A
2-5/month
21
Q
how frequent are tension headaches?
A
<15/month
22
Q
how frequent are cluster headaches?
A
1-6/day
23
Q
when do migraines, tension and cluster headaches occur?
A
anytime except for cluster headaches. They occur at same time a day
24
Q
do you have auras with tension and cluster headaches?
A
no
25
what does pain feel like for migraines
achy-throbbing
26
what does pain feel like for tension headaches
pressing-band like mild-moderate
27
what does pain feel like for cluster headaches?
boring-sharp excruciating
28
cluster headache s/s
ipsilateral, eye lid edema, forehead and facial swelling
29
precipitating factors for migraines?
bright lights, sleep loss, hypoglycemia, alcohol
30
precipitating factors for tension headaches?
stress
31
precipitating factors for cluster headaches?
alcohol, nitro
32
stroke
vascular disorder that injures brain tissue
33
hypoxia examples that can cause ischemic injury to brain
CO2 poisoning, decreased atmospheric pressure, severe anemia
34
#1 modifiable risk factor for stroke
HTN
35
focal ischemia and an example
stroke, when blood flow is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of a part of the brain
36
global ischemia and an example
cardiac arrest, when blood flow is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the entire brain
37
focal vs global ischemia
blood flow affecting part of the brain vs entire brain
38
aphasia
impaired ability to speak
39
hemineglect
processing disorder, food tray example
40
#1 risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
HTN!!!!
41
infarction of anterior cerebral artery affects which lobe?
1 lobe of frontal lobe affected
42
s/s of anterior cerebral artery infarction
paralysis of foot or leg, impaired gait, urinary incontinence
43
middle cerebral artery infarction affects which lobes?
lateral hemisphere, frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
44
hemiattention
denial of paralyzed side of limb
45
alexia
word blindness
46
finger agnosia
inability to identify fingers
47
hemiattention, alexia, finger agnosia are all seen with which infarction?
middle cerebral atery
48
s/s of middle cerebral artery infarction
aphasia, alexia, finger agnosia, left-right confusion, hemiattention
49
posterior cerebral artery affects which lobes?
occipital lobe, anterior and medial portion of temporal lobe
50
s/s of posterior cerebral artery infarction
color blindness, memory deficits, loss of central vision,
51
diplopia
double vision
52
dystaxia
unsteady gait
53
dysphagia
inability to swallow
54
dysphonia
difficulty speaking
55
TIA
stroke symptoms lasts <24 hrs
56
near syncope
feeling faintness or light-headedness (cardiac)
57
vertigo
spinning
58
non-syncopal, non-vertigo
feeling of imbalance and fear of failing
59
near syncope vs vertigo vs non-syncopal
faintness, spinning and failing sensation
60
peripheral causes of dizziness
menieres disease, sinusitis, otitis, benign positional vertigo
61
central causes of dizziness
brainstem dysfunction, cerebellar dysfunction, MS
62
systemic causes of dizziness
psychogenic, neurosyphilis, cardiovascular
63
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
vertigo occurs when head is moved (rolling in bed)
64
menieres disease is characterized by which symptoms?
episodic vertigo, low frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, feeling full
65
which age group is affected by menieres disease>
30-40 year olds
66
labyrinthitis s/s
vertigo, vomiting, nystagmus
67
labyrinthitis
inner ear disorder
68
neurosyphilis is caused by what?
syphilis
69
CN VIII disease
hearing loss
70
acoustic neuroma what is it, which CN is affected and s/s
benign neuroma of 8th CN which causes UNILATERAL hearing loss, pain, headache and tinnitus
71
primary epilepsy
without apparent structural changes
72
secondary epilepsy
structural changes
73
seizure disorder tests
MRI, EEG, Serum chemistries, skull xray
74
during a seizure, if metabolic demand for oxygen and nutrients doesn't increase then what can happen?
brain damage
75
after seizure (post-ictal) s/s
slow return to consciousness, combative, lethargic, confusion headache fatigue
76
Epileptogenic focus
neurons in brain depolarize (become excitable) causing it to fire more frequently
77
prodrome
an aura that happens before a seizure
78
simple partial seizure
begins locally and does not cause alteration of consciousness, sweating, flushing, pupil dilation
79
complex partial seizures, how long does it last
alter consciousness, amnesia for events that occur during and after seizure, lasts 1-3 minutes
80
atonic seizure
loss of postural tone and loss of consciousness
81
tonic-clonic seizures
loud cry--LOC--body falls--body spams, lasts 2-5 mins
82
myoclonic seizures
involuntary muscle jerks, no LOC
83
absence (petit mal) seizures
brief change in LOC, lasts 1-10 sec
84
status epilepticus
continuous seizure state, most life threatening
85
which seizure types can status epilepticus occur in?
ALL
86
Parkinsons disease
lack of dopamine
87
Lewy body is the hallmark of which disease?
Parkinsons
88
is Parkinsons fatal?
no but usually die from a complication like aspiration pna
89
5 stages of parkinsons disease
```
unilateral
bilateral
impaired balance
fully developed severe disease
confinement to bed or wheelchair
```
90
bradykinesia and what is it seen with?
extreme slowness of movement (seen with parkinsons disease)
91
what do you have in excess with parkinsons disease
acetylcholine
92
Multiple sclerosis
degenerative disease of CNS by demyelinization of neurons
93
MS:what levels are increased when a lumbar puncture tests is preformed and what levels are normal?
gamma globulin levels but serum globulin levels are normal
94
With MS, what reflex is present
Babinski
95
MS S/S
blurred vision, tremors, nystagmus, memory changes, fatigue, positive babinski
96
Elapsing-remitting MS
relapse with full/partial recovery each time
97
primary progressive MS (uncommon)
gets worse steadily without recovery
98
secondary progressive MS
relapse with recovery but eventually gets worse over time
99
what happens to the axons and nerve fibers with MS?
sporadic patches of axon demylelination and nerve fiber loss occur
100
which is the most debilitating symptom of MS
fatigue
101
secondary complications of MS
injury from falls, UTIs, constipation
102
tertiary complications of MS
depression, loss of social support, stree
103
how long does bells palsy take to recover?
few weeks
104
bells palsy
paralysis of one side of face
105
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
acute infectious neuronitis of cranial and peripheral nerves
106
what gets destroyed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
myelin sheath
107
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs disease affects what system?
motor system
108
Glutamate becomes increased in which disease?
ALS
109
Myasthenia Gravis
neuromuscular disease, there is a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses
110
insufficient secretion of acetylcholine and too much cholinesterase can cause?
Myasthenia gravis
111
s/s of ALS
dysphagia, weakness, fatigue, dysarthria
112
s/s of Myasthenia gravis
diplopia, ptosis, hoarse voice
113
tensilon test, serum AChR antibodies, spirometry and TFTs are tests for?
Myasthenia gravis
114
Myasthenic Crisis
acute exacerbation of the disease, caused by rapid progrssion of disease
115
Cholinergic Crisis happens when there is too much of what?
too much acetylcholine, "SLUGG"
