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Patho > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

arterial bleed s/s and how fast does it appears?

A

quick, headache

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2
Q

subdural is venous or arterial?

A

venous

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3
Q

layers of skull starting with outside layer in

A

dura, arachnoid membrane, pia, subarachnoid space,

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4
Q

primary headache examples

A

migraine, tension-type, cluster

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5
Q

secondary headache examples

A

head trauma, medication overuse, infection, bleeding

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6
Q

brain parenchyma, ependymal lining of ventricles and choroid plexuses are brain structures that are sensitive or insensitive to pain?

A

insensitive

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7
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

quick, severe facial pain

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8
Q

what actions can stimulate trigeminal neuralgia

A

washing face, chewing, eating foods or fluids that are extreme temperatures

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9
Q

Temporal Arteritis s/s

A

jaw claudication, fever, weight loss, visual disturbances

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10
Q

Diagnostic test used for temporal arteritis***

A

increased ESR!!, need to biopsy artery

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11
Q

migraine without aura diagnostic criteria

A

at least 5 attacks, last 4-72 hrs, at least n/v or photophbia

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12
Q

migraine with aura diagnostic criteria

A

at least 2 attacks, visual symptoms in one or both eyes, has 1 aura symptom over >5 mins

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13
Q

Tension-Type Headache (TTH) s/s

A

no n/v and with at least 2 symptoms of : not aggravated by routine activity, mild or moderate intensity, bilateral

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14
Q

how long do tension-type headaches last?

A

30 minutes to 7 days

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15
Q

how long do migraine with aura last?

A

4-72 hrs

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16
Q

how long do cluster headaches last?

A

30-90 mins

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17
Q

location of migraines?

A

unilateral

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18
Q

location of tension headaches?

A

bilateral

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19
Q

location of cluster headaches?

A

strictly unilateral

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20
Q

how frequent are migraines?

A

2-5/month

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21
Q

how frequent are tension headaches?

A

<15/month

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22
Q

how frequent are cluster headaches?

A

1-6/day

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23
Q

when do migraines, tension and cluster headaches occur?

A

anytime except for cluster headaches. They occur at same time a day

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24
Q

do you have auras with tension and cluster headaches?

A

no

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25
Q

what does pain feel like for migraines

A

achy-throbbing

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26
Q

what does pain feel like for tension headaches

A

pressing-band like mild-moderate

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27
Q

what does pain feel like for cluster headaches?

A

boring-sharp excruciating

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28
Q

cluster headache s/s

A

ipsilateral, eye lid edema, forehead and facial swelling

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29
Q

precipitating factors for migraines?

A

bright lights, sleep loss, hypoglycemia, alcohol

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30
Q

precipitating factors for tension headaches?

A

stress

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31
Q

precipitating factors for cluster headaches?

A

alcohol, nitro

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32
Q

stroke

A

vascular disorder that injures brain tissue

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33
Q

hypoxia examples that can cause ischemic injury to brain

A

CO2 poisoning, decreased atmospheric pressure, severe anemia

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34
Q

1 modifiable risk factor for stroke

A

HTN

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35
Q

focal ischemia and an example

A

stroke, when blood flow is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of a part of the brain

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36
Q

global ischemia and an example

A

cardiac arrest, when blood flow is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the entire brain

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37
Q

focal vs global ischemia

A

blood flow affecting part of the brain vs entire brain

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38
Q

aphasia

A

impaired ability to speak

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39
Q

hemineglect

A

processing disorder, food tray example

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40
Q

1 risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?

A

HTN!!!!

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41
Q

infarction of anterior cerebral artery affects which lobe?

A

1 lobe of frontal lobe affected

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42
Q

s/s of anterior cerebral artery infarction

A

paralysis of foot or leg, impaired gait, urinary incontinence

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43
Q

middle cerebral artery infarction affects which lobes?

A

lateral hemisphere, frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

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44
Q

hemiattention

A

denial of paralyzed side of limb

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45
Q

alexia

A

word blindness

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46
Q

finger agnosia

A

inability to identify fingers

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47
Q

hemiattention, alexia, finger agnosia are all seen with which infarction?

A

middle cerebral atery

48
Q

s/s of middle cerebral artery infarction

A

aphasia, alexia, finger agnosia, left-right confusion, hemiattention

49
Q

posterior cerebral artery affects which lobes?

A

occipital lobe, anterior and medial portion of temporal lobe

50
Q

s/s of posterior cerebral artery infarction

A

color blindness, memory deficits, loss of central vision,

51
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

52
Q

dystaxia

A

unsteady gait

53
Q

dysphagia

A

inability to swallow

54
Q

dysphonia

A

difficulty speaking

55
Q

TIA

A

stroke symptoms lasts <24 hrs

56
Q

near syncope

A

feeling faintness or light-headedness (cardiac)

57
Q

vertigo

58
Q

non-syncopal, non-vertigo

A

feeling of imbalance and fear of failing

59
Q

near syncope vs vertigo vs non-syncopal

A

faintness, spinning and failing sensation

60
Q

peripheral causes of dizziness

A

menieres disease, sinusitis, otitis, benign positional vertigo

61
Q

central causes of dizziness

A

brainstem dysfunction, cerebellar dysfunction, MS

62
Q

systemic causes of dizziness

A

psychogenic, neurosyphilis, cardiovascular

63
Q

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

vertigo occurs when head is moved (rolling in bed)

64
Q

menieres disease is characterized by which symptoms?

A

episodic vertigo, low frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, feeling full

65
Q

which age group is affected by menieres disease>

A

30-40 year olds

66
Q

labyrinthitis s/s

A

vertigo, vomiting, nystagmus

67
Q

labyrinthitis

A

inner ear disorder

68
Q

neurosyphilis is caused by what?

69
Q

CN VIII disease

A

hearing loss

70
Q

acoustic neuroma what is it, which CN is affected and s/s

A

benign neuroma of 8th CN which causes UNILATERAL hearing loss, pain, headache and tinnitus

71
Q

primary epilepsy

A

without apparent structural changes

72
Q

secondary epilepsy

A

structural changes

73
Q

seizure disorder tests

A

MRI, EEG, Serum chemistries, skull xray

74
Q

during a seizure, if metabolic demand for oxygen and nutrients doesn’t increase then what can happen?

A

brain damage

75
Q

after seizure (post-ictal) s/s

A

slow return to consciousness, combative, lethargic, confusion headache fatigue

76
Q

Epileptogenic focus

A

neurons in brain depolarize (become excitable) causing it to fire more frequently

77
Q

prodrome

A

an aura that happens before a seizure

78
Q

simple partial seizure

A

begins locally and does not cause alteration of consciousness, sweating, flushing, pupil dilation

79
Q

complex partial seizures, how long does it last

A

alter consciousness, amnesia for events that occur during and after seizure, lasts 1-3 minutes

80
Q

atonic seizure

A

loss of postural tone and loss of consciousness

81
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A

loud cry–LOC–body falls–body spams, lasts 2-5 mins

82
Q

myoclonic seizures

A

involuntary muscle jerks, no LOC

83
Q

absence (petit mal) seizures

A

brief change in LOC, lasts 1-10 sec

84
Q

status epilepticus

A

continuous seizure state, most life threatening

85
Q

which seizure types can status epilepticus occur in?

86
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

lack of dopamine

87
Q

Lewy body is the hallmark of which disease?

A

Parkinsons

88
Q

is Parkinsons fatal?

A

no but usually die from a complication like aspiration pna

89
Q

5 stages of parkinsons disease

A 
unilateral
bilateral
impaired balance
fully developed severe disease
confinement to bed or wheelchair
90
Q

bradykinesia and what is it seen with?

A

extreme slowness of movement (seen with parkinsons disease)

91
Q

what do you have in excess with parkinsons disease

A

acetylcholine

92
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

degenerative disease of CNS by demyelinization of neurons

93
Q

MS:what levels are increased when a lumbar puncture tests is preformed and what levels are normal?

A

gamma globulin levels but serum globulin levels are normal

94
Q

With MS, what reflex is present

95
Q

MS S/S

A

blurred vision, tremors, nystagmus, memory changes, fatigue, positive babinski

96
Q

Elapsing-remitting MS

A

relapse with full/partial recovery each time

97
Q

primary progressive MS (uncommon)

A

gets worse steadily without recovery

98
Q

secondary progressive MS

A

relapse with recovery but eventually gets worse over time

99
Q

what happens to the axons and nerve fibers with MS?

A

sporadic patches of axon demylelination and nerve fiber loss occur

100
Q

which is the most debilitating symptom of MS

101
Q

secondary complications of MS

A

injury from falls, UTIs, constipation

102
Q

tertiary complications of MS

A

depression, loss of social support, stree

103
Q

how long does bells palsy take to recover?

104
Q

bells palsy

A

paralysis of one side of face

105
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

acute infectious neuronitis of cranial and peripheral nerves

106
Q

what gets destroyed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

myelin sheath

107
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs disease affects what system?

A

motor system

108
Q

Glutamate becomes increased in which disease?

109
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

neuromuscular disease, there is a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses

110
Q

insufficient secretion of acetylcholine and too much cholinesterase can cause?

A

Myasthenia gravis

111
Q

s/s of ALS

A

dysphagia, weakness, fatigue, dysarthria

112
Q

s/s of Myasthenia gravis

A

diplopia, ptosis, hoarse voice

113
Q

tensilon test, serum AChR antibodies, spirometry and TFTs are tests for?

A

Myasthenia gravis

114
Q

Myasthenic Crisis

A

acute exacerbation of the disease, caused by rapid progrssion of disease

115
Q

Cholinergic Crisis happens when there is too much of what?

A

too much acetylcholine, “SLUGG”

Patho (20 decks)

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