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Patho > Disorders of Endocrine System > Flashcards

Disorders of Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) hormones

A

ADH (vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin

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2
Q

pituitary gland hormones are triggered by what gland?

A

the hypothalamus

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3
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

anterior part of neck

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4
Q

thyroid gland function and which hormones do they produce?

A

controls rate of body metabolism and growth, produces T4 and T3 and thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)

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5
Q

what does the thyroid gland require to work?

A

iodine

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6
Q

which cells specifically in they thyroid gland produce calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells

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7
Q

enterohepatic circulation

A

reabsorption of the thyroid hormones from bile back into liver

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8
Q

Tertiary level and hormone that is secreted

A

Hypothalamus which secretes TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

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9
Q

Secondary level and hormone that is secreted

A

Anterior pituitary which secretes TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

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10
Q

primary level and hormone that is secreted

A

thyroid which secretes T3 and T4

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11
Q

and increase in ATP does what to thyroid hormones?

A

increases it

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12
Q

Somatostatin dopamine is secreted by which gland and what does it do?

A

Hypothalamus, it inhibits the TRH and TSH secretion

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13
Q

How does the thyroid hormone affect the heart tissue?

A

it increases HR by increasing affinity of B-adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect adipose tissue?

A

it stimulates fat breakdown

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15
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect muscle tissue?

A

it increases protein breakdown

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16
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect bone?

A

promotes normal growth and accelerates bone turnover

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17
Q

How does the thyroid hormone affect the nervous system?

A

promotes brain development

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18
Q

How does the thyroid hormone affect the gut?

A

it increases rate of carbohydrates absorption

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19
Q

How does the thyroid hormone affect lipoproteins?

A

it stimulates formation of LDL receptors

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20
Q

Thyroid hormones need to bind to what?

A

proteins

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21
Q

what disease inhibits the binding of proteins and thyroid hormone together?

A

liver disease

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22
Q

which hormones are metabolically active, free t4 and T3 or protein bound T4 and T3?

A

free

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23
Q

the HPT axis regulation of thyroid is regulated by bound or unbound T3 and T4?

A

unbound –free

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24
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAI)

A

measures the absorption of iodine isotope to determine how the thyroid gland is functioning,

normal 5-35% in 24 hrs

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25
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAI) elevated test levels indicate?

A

hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, increased iodine excretion or decreased iodine absorption

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26
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAI) decreased test levels indicate?

A

a low T4, use of antithyroid meds, thyroiditis, myexdema or hypothyroidism

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27
Q

which thyroid hormone decreases with again?

A

T3

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28
Q

T3 and T4 Resin uptake test

A

blood tests for the diagnosis of thyroid disorders

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29
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Test

A

blood test used to monitor therapy and to diagnosis primary hypothyroidism

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30
Q

Thyroid scan process

A

iodine containing meds and thyroid meds are held for 2 weeks, iodine is ingested and scan is done to see hot and cold spots

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31
Q

needle aspiration of thyroid tissue

A

used for cytological exam, light pressure afterward

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32
Q

low or high thyroid causes goiters? and how long before you see it?

A

both, hyper- goiter is there initially, hypo- goiter comes later

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33
Q

Goitrogens

A

substances that block thyroid hormone synthesis and make huge goiters

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34
Q

Rutabagas, cabbage, turnips, cassava

A

Foods that are goitrogens

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35
Q

PTU, MTZ, nitroprusside, Lithium, sulfonylureas are medications that can cause?

A

Goiters because they block thyroid hormone synthesis

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36
Q

Graves Disease

A

hyperthyroidism, antibody binds to TSH receptors to produce more T3/T4, gland is symmetrically enlarged

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37
Q

Exopthalmos and when does it occur?

A

protrusion of eyeball, hyperthyroidism

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38
Q

Proptosis and when does it occur?

A

forward displacement and entrapment of eye, hyperthyroidism

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39
Q

Thyroid Storm

A

condition that occurs during manipulation of thyroid gland that releases thyroid hormones into blood stream, can occur from severe infection and stress

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40
Q

Thyroid Storm s/s

A

fever, increased HR, tremors, CHF, pulm edema

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41
Q

what do you want to do before surgery to prevent thyroid storm?

A

give treatment to bring down thyroid production

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42
Q

Hashimotos Thyroiditis

A

destruction of thyroid follicles and lymphocytic infiltration with lymphoid follicles

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43
Q

Cretinism and s/s

A

severe thyroid hypofunction in fetus, yellow skin, large tongue, dry skin

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44
Q

myxedema

A

diffue non-pitting puffiness of skin d/t accumulation of muco-polysaccharides (b/c of hypothyroidism)

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45
Q

myxedema coma

A

rare, results in persistent low thyroid production can be cause by acute illness, rapid withdrawl of thyroid meds

46
Q

initial s/s of hyperthyroidism

A

goiter, nervousness, palpatasions, diarrhea

47
Q

later s/s of hyperthyroidism

A

tremor, muscle weakness, dyspnea, confusion, dependent edema

48
Q

incidental s/s hyperthyroidism

A

heat intolerance, diaphoresis, increased appetite

49
Q

initial s/s of hypothyroidism

A

depression, cold intolerance, meorrhagia

50
Q

later s/s of hypothyroidism

A

goiter, weight gain, myxedema, memory loss

51
Q

incidental s/s hypothyroidism

A

bradycardia, impotence, habitual abortion

52
Q

sub-clinical hypothyroidism

A

elevated TSH but normal circulating T3/T4

53
Q

sub-clinical hyperthyroidism

A

low TSH but normal circulating T3/T4

54
Q

what are the elderly at risk for with sub-clinical hyperthyroidism?

A

afib

55
Q

what are the elderly at risk for with sub-clinical hypothyroidism?

A

atherosclerosis and MI

56
Q

parathyroid gland

A

controls calcium and phosphorus metabolism, produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

57
Q

calcium is bound to?

A

albumin and globulins

58
Q

If blood is alkalotic what happens to calcium levels?

A

calcium goes on to plasma proteins and becomes inactive which leads to s/s of hypocalcemia

59
Q

if blood is acidotic what happens to calcium levels?

A

calcium will come off plasma proteins and become active which leads to s/s of hypercalcemia

60
Q

if there are high phosphate levels what happens to calcium and PTH?

A

calcium levels are lowered which stimulates PTH

61
Q

parathyroid hormone related peptide

A

secreted by tumor cells, responsible for hypercalcemia of malignancy

62
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

excessive autonomous production of PTH caused by cancers

63
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

diffuse glandular hyperplasia resulting from a defect outside the parathyroids cause by severe calcium and vit D deficiency and chronic renal failure

64
Q

s/s hyperparathyroidism

A

s/s of HIGH CALCIUM, nephrocalcinosis (calcium stones), metabolic acidosis, polyuria, weakness, depression, bone pain

65
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

complication of thyroid or parathyroid surgery, autoimmune

66
Q

s/s hypoparathyroidism

A

s/s of LOW CALCIUM, trousseau’s sign, chyostek’s sign, increased neuromuscular irritability!

67
Q

adrenal gland

A

regulates sodium and electrolyte balance through aldosterone

68
Q

adrenal cortex location

A

outer shell of adrenal gland

69
Q

adrenal cortex function

A

makes cortisol, aldostrone, secretes sex hormones

70
Q

adrenal medulla location

A

inner core of adrenal gland

71
Q

adrenal medulla function

A

works as part of SNS by producing epinephrine and norepinephrine

72
Q

in response to low levels of cortisol in the body, the hypothalamus releases what?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to anterior pituitary glands

73
Q

after the anterior pituitary glands receive the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, what do they release?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the adrenal glands which release cortisol

74
Q

HPA axis

A

regulation of cortisol levels

75
Q

what affect does cortisol have on immune system?

A

it suppresses it

76
Q

when prolong cortisol treatment is stopped, this puts a person at risk for what and why?

A

addisonian crisis because body hasnt needed to produce CRH and ACTH so they arent able to secrete normal amounts of these hormones

77
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

78
Q

Addisons Disease

A

not enough adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)

79
Q

primary adrenal insufficiency

A

problem is at the adrenal gland

80
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

problem is at the pituitary gland

81
Q

Addisons disease s/s

A

hyperkalemia, hypotension, iron overload, hyperpigmentation

82
Q

ACTH stimulation test result for primary problem

A

ACTH is given to patient and no increase in cortisol levels =problem at adrenal gland

83
Q

ACTH stimulation test result for secondary problem

A

ACTH is given to patient and there is an increase in cortisol levels =pituitary problem

84
Q

Addisons crisis

A

acute adrenal insufficiency, cause by trauma, infection, stress

85
Q

addisons crisis s/s

A

severe symptoms, shock, death, severe hypotension

86
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism: Conn’s syndrome and cause

A

excessive secretion of aldosterone d/t tumor

87
Q

secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

stimulated by excessive secretion of renin d/t cushings or congenital causes

88
Q

Cushings syndrome and treatment

A

too much cortisol, surgical removal of tumor

89
Q

ACTH independent hypercortisolism

A

patient is taking steriods causes increased cortisol levels

90
Q

Ectopic ACTH hypercortisolism

A

tumor is somewhere in body causing adrenal glands to produce too muchcortisol

91
Q

ACTH dependent hypercortisolism

A

there is a pituitary tumor which is causing too much ACTH secretion which then causes too much cortisol

92
Q

how to diagnose cushings disease?

A

24 hour urine free cortisol but still need more testing to confirm like ACTH plasma levels and MRI

93
Q

Hirsutism

A

masculine characteristics in females with cushing’s syndrome

94
Q

what happens to adrenal medulla hormones with hypoglycemia

A

they increase (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

95
Q

Alpha 1 receptors

A

mediate smooth muscle contraction in GI tract, increase glucose

96
Q

Alph 2 receptors

A

mediate smooth muscle relaxation in GI tract, decrease insulin secretion

97
Q

Beta 1 receptors

A

increase rate and force of heart contraction, stimuate renin release

98
Q

Beta 2 receptors

A

relax smooth muscle in bronchi, release insulin and glucagon

99
Q

Beta 3 receptors

A

increase lipolysis

100
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

catecholamine-producing tumor found in adrenal gland

101
Q

treatment of pheochromocytoma

A

surgery or symptomatic treatment

102
Q

complications of pheochromocytoma

A

hypertensive retinopathy, myocarditis, CHF, increased platelet aggregation and CVA

103
Q

prolactinoma, what gland is affected?

A

anterior pituitary tumor that causes galactorrhea (milk production), irregular menses, decreased libido in men, decreases bone density

104
Q

Growth Hormone-secreting Adenoma

A

Giantism and Acromegaly

105
Q

Giantism

A

anterior pituitary problem, too much growth hormone, occurs in childhood BEFORE closure of long bone-can fracture easily, mental status deteriates

106
Q

Acromegaly

A

anterior pituitary problem, too much growth hormone, occurs in middle age AFTER closure of long bone, bones thicker, mental status deteriates, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia

107
Q

Dwarfism

A

anterior pituitary gland problem, not enough growth hormone

108
Q

diabetes insipidus, which gland is affected

A

posterior pituitary problem, not enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH), polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration

109
Q

causes of diabetes insipidus

A

hereditary, trauma, autoimmune, pregnancy, nephrogenic-kidney failure to respond to ADH

110
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate Secretion of ADH (SIADH) which gland is affected and s/s

A

posterior pituitary problem, continued release of ADH, weight gain, HTN, AMS

111
Q

causes of SIADH

A

tumors, CVA, trauma, pulmonary disorders, drugs, idiopathic

Patho (20 decks)

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