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Anatomy and Physiology > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the renal system consists of?

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What is the function of the renal system?

A

Bodies plumber

Removes waste that is found in urine : urea, uric acid, ions and certain drugs

Balance fluids and electrolytes

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3
Q

What cavity is the kidneys located?

A

Abdominal cavity

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4
Q

Where is the kidneys located roughly on the abdo split into 9?

A

Right and left lumbar region going partly into hypochondriac region

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5
Q

Where is the kidneys located when abdo split into 4?

A

Right and left upper quadrant

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6
Q

Where is the kidneys located compared to other organs?

A

Inferior to diaphragm

Inferior and posterior to liver

Posterior to intestine

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7
Q

What shape is the kidneys?

A

Bean shaped

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8
Q

What is the average size of an adult kidney?

A

5-7cm x 10-13cm

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9
Q

What is the kidney?

A

A vascular organ

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10
Q

What is the kidney protected by?

A

Fibrous capsule
Layer of fat
Contend of the abdomen
Muscles

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11
Q

What do each kidney have?

A

Supply of blood

Adrenal gland

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12
Q

What enzyme affects the adrenal gland?

A

Renin

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13
Q

What does the enzyme renin do?

A

Regulates the body’s balance of fluids and electrolytes, which overall regulates blood pressure and sodium and water retention

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14
Q

What are the key functions of the kidneys?

A

Formation of urine, maintaining water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Excretion of waste products

Production and secretion of renin, an important enzyme in the control of blood pressure

Production and secretion of erythropoietin, the hormone that stimulates the formation of red blood cells

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15
Q

What is the name of the capsule that surrounds the kidney?

A

Renal capsule

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16
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

A reddish brown layer of tissue immediately below the capsule and outside the renal pyramids

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17
Q

What are renal pyramids in the kidney?

A

Pale, conical shaped striating in the medulla inner mist layer

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18
Q

What are calyces?

A

Chambers where the urine passes through

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19
Q

Where do kidneys receive waste filled blood from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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20
Q

How does the filtered blood return to circulation in the kidneys?

A

Renal vein

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21
Q

How many nephrons do kidneys have?

A

1-2 million and even more collecting ducts

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22
Q

What are the two main functions of the nephron?

A

Filter fluids, wastes and electrolytes, acids

Selectively reabsorb secreting ions allowing precise control of fluid and electrolyte balance

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23
Q

What is the Bowmans capulse?

A

Surrounds the glomerulus

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24
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A 
Glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
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25
Q

What prevents if cardiac output do kidneys receive?

A

20%

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26
Q

What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arteriole?

A

Afferent has a larger diameter

27
Q

Why does the afferent arteriole have a larger diameter?

A

Drives filtration across the Bowmans capsule

28
Q

What aids filtration?

A

Fenestrations
Basement membrane
Podocytes (pedicles)

29
Q

Why is the Bowmans capsule more permeable than most capillaries?

A

It has flattened epithelium

30
Q

What nerves supplies the renal blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

31
Q

Where does filtration take place?

A

Takes place at the glomerulus

32
Q

What do fenestrations prevent?

A

Plasma proteins and larger molecules passing through

33
Q

What does blood or larger molecules like glucose in the urine suggest?

A

Damage in the fenestrations of the kidneys

34
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

Maintain blood pressure between 80-200mmHg independently of autonomic control

35
Q

What happens when blood pressure falls below 80mmHg in terms of the kidneys?

A

Selective reabsorption

36
Q

Where does selective reabsorption mainly take place?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

37
Q

What are the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule lined with?

A

Microvilli

38
Q

What are the three main substances reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Glucose

39
Q

What percentage of filtrate reaches the medullary loop (loop of Henle) ?

A

60-70%

40
Q

What electrolytes are reabsorbed in the medullary loop (loop of Henle) ?

A

Sodium and chloride

41
Q

What percentage of the original filter are reaches the DCT?

A

15-20%

42
Q

Why don’t all substances get filtered at the glomerulus?

A

Short filtration time

Happens with aspirin and penicillin

43
Q

Where is the substances removed from at the glomerulus?

A

Peritubular capillaries

44
Q

What happens in DCT?

A

Balancing of concentrates

45
Q

What is water excited through? (4)

A

Urine
Sweat
Expired air
Faeces

46
Q

What volume of urine needs to be produced per day to expel waste products?

A

500ml

47
Q

Where does the urine leave the kidney?

A

Ureter

48
Q

What is ureters?

A

Tubes that connect each kidney to the bladder

49
Q

Which kidney and ureter is higher than the other?

A

Left

50
Q

What is the length of the left ureter?

A

30cm

51
Q

What is the diameter of the ureter?

A

3mm

52
Q

What are the three layers of the ureters?

A

Outer fibrous coat:
Holds ureter in place

Muscularis:
Contains smooth muscle

Mucosa:
Inner layer

53
Q

What is the functions of the ureter? (3)

A

Acts as conduits that carry urine from kidneys to bladder

Peristaltic waves occurring 1-5 times a minute channel the urine to bladder

When pressure rises the utters are compressed, which prevents backflow from bladder

54
Q

What is the structure of ureter? (3)

A

Fibrous
Smooth muscle
Transitional epithelium

55
Q

What is the characteristics of the bladder?

A

Hollow
Sphere shaped
Muscular organ

56
Q

What are the three layers of the bladder?

A

Outer layer of loose connective tissue

Middle layer smooth muscle layers which when contracts empties the bladder (detrusor muscle)

Inner mucosa layer (transitional epithelium)

57
Q

How many opening does the base of the bladder have and leading to where?

A

Three

Two for the ureters and third connect bladder to urethra

58
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

Anterior and inferior to the pelvic cavity

59
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Store tribe

60
Q

What is the adult capacity for storing urine?

A

500-600ml

61
Q

What happens when the bladder has filled with urine?

A

Nerves in the bladder wall relax the sphincter allowing urine to empty into urethra

62
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Small duct that channels urge me from the bladder to the outside wall

63
Q

Where is the urethra for females?

A

Urethra embedded in anterior wall of the vagina behind the symphysis pubis

64
Q

Where is the urethra located in males?

A

Urethra passes through the prostate gland, through the urogenital diaphragm and penis.
The male urethra serves as a passageway for semen as well as urine

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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