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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System (Skin) > Flashcards

Integumentary System (Skin) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Organ system consisting of skin, hair, nails and exocrine glands

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2
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

A gland that secretes enzymes into ducts

It releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a duct

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3
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream

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4
Q

What are the several functions of the skin?

A

Barrier to physical agents

Protects against mechanical injury

Prevents loss of body fluids

Reduces the penetration of UV radiation

Helps regulate body temp

Acts as sensory organ

Waterproof

Plays a role in vitamin d production

Cosmetic association

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the skin from the external surface inwards?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

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6
Q

What are the 7 main facts of the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Outermost layer of the skin

Has protective outer layer of keratin

Regenerate itself every 4-6 weeks

Formed mainly of keratinocytes

Consists of five sub layers

Avascular

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7
Q

What are the six layers that form the structure of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Dermis

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8
Q

What is the stratum basale of the epidermis? (4)

A

Deepest portion of epidermis

Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells

Creates daughter cells which move up through the other layers

Hemidesmosomes and desmosomes

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9
Q

What are desmosomes in the stratum basale of the epidermis? (3)

A

These form cell-to-cell adhesion points

Randomly located on sides of plasma membranes

Helps to resist shearing forces

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10
Q

What three cells are in the stratum basale of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Merkel cells

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11
Q

What occurs in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis?

A

Mitosis

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12
Q

What are the key features of the stratum spinosum layer (prickle cell layer) of the epidermis? (5)

A

8-10 layers of multi sided cells

The daughter cells from the nasal layer migrate upwards to form this layer of polyhedral cells

Flatten and break desmosomes (new desmosomes are created)

Lamellae bodies form - secretory organelle (Odland bodies) containing lipids

Langerhans cells - immunologically active cells

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13
Q

What are the key characteristics of the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis? (3)

A

2-5 layers of cells

The cells in this layer become flattened and loose their nuclei

Keratin is produced in this layer

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14
Q

What are the key characteristics of the stratum lucidum layer of the epidermis? (4)

A

Smooth and almost translucent layer

Only one cell thick

Only found in the thick skin (e.g. under feet)

Contains a protein which acts as a barrier to water

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15
Q

What are the key characteristics of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis? (4)

A

Outermost layer

25 or more layers

Dead squamous cells (corneocytes)

Surrounded by lipids

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16
Q

What is the functions of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis? (3)

A

To prevent the penetration of microbes

To reduce dehydration of underlying tissues

To provide mechanical protection of the more delicate underlying tissues again abrasion

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17
Q

What is the basement membrane zone?

A

It provides the interface between the epidermis and the dermis

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18
Q

What are the four main functions of the basement membrane zone?

A

Separates the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue

Anchors the epithelium to the loose connective tissue underneath

Acts as a filter for molecules moving between the two layers

It forms an undulating interface between the downward projections (epidermal pegs) and upwards projections from the dermis (dermal ridges) - formation of finger prints

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19
Q

How do blisters form? (5)

A

A blister can form when the skin has been damaged by friction or excessive shearing forces

Fluid collects between the epidermis and the layer below

The fluid cushions the tissue underneath, protecting it from further damage and allowing it to heal

The stratum spinosum tears away from the tissues below resulting in plasma diffusing out of the cells. This plasma stimulates the formation of new cells

Once the new cells have developed this fluid is reabsorbed and any swelling will subside

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20
Q

What is the dermis composed of? (3)

A

Collagen fibres (strength)

Elastin (elasticity)

Extracellular matrix (strength and pliability)

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21
Q

What does the dermis contain? (7)

A

Blood vessels

Lymphatic vessels

Nerves fibres

Hair follicles

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

Fibroblast cells (collagen and elastin)

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22
Q

What are the two sub layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular layer

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23
Q

What is the papillary dermis?

A

It is a thin upper layer which follows the shape of the epidermal rate ridges

24
Q

What does the papillary dermis contain? (7)

A

Fibroblasts

A few adipocytes

An abundance of blood vessels

Phagocytes

Lymphatic capillaries

Nerve fibres

Touch receptors

25
Q

What is the reticular layer? (3)

A

Thicker layer which has a good vascular supply and is rich in sensory and sympathetic nerve supply

It has a tight mesh work of elastin fibres

This region contains hair follicle, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and receptors and blood vessels

26
Q

Hair is found on the entire surface of the skin except for what type of skin?

A

Glabrous skin e.g palms of hands and soles of feet

27
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

It is an invagination of the epidermis containing a hair

28
Q

What do hair shafts contain?

A

It contains an outer cuticle full of packed keratinocytes

29
Q

Where to hair roots end?

A

In the dermis at the hair bulb

30
Q

What are the key functions of the hair? (2)

A

Protection

Sensory

31
Q

How does hair act as Protection? (2)

A

In the nose and ears, eyelashes traps and excludes dust particles that may contain allergens and microbes

Eyebrows prevent sweat and other particles from dripping into and irritating the eyes

32
Q

How does the hair act as a sensory function?

A

Sensitive to air movement or other disturbances in the environment (much more than skin surface)

Can detect presence of insects etc

Arrector pili contracts in response to nerve signals from the sympathetic nervous system - hair shaft ‘stands up”

33
Q

What are arrector pilli?

A

Contracts in response to nerve signals from sympathetic nervous system - hair shaft ‘stand up’

34
Q

What are the key characteristics of the sebaceous glands? (7)

A

These are found next to hair follicles

It is a type of oil gland which helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

They generate and excrete sebum, which is a mixture of lipids, into the skin surface providing a natural lubricant for the dead layer of the epidermis

This keeps it pliable

It also has antibacterial properties, due to fatty acids

The sebum prevents water loss form the skin in low-humidity environments

Sebum secretion is stimulated by hormones - most not active until puberty

35
Q

What does sebaceous gland generate and excrete?

A

Sebum

36
Q

What is sebum?

A

A mixture of lipids that provides a natural lubricant for dead layer of epidermis, and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair, keeping it pliable

37
Q

What is the scientific name for a sweat gland?

A

Sudoriferous glands

38
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

39
Q

What are the key characteristics of eccrine sweat glands? (6)

A

Develop from down budding of the epidermis

The secretory portion is a coiled structure in the reticular dermis

The duct spiral upwards to open onto the skin surface

Over 2.5 million on the skin surface

Most profuse has n the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, axillae and forehead

Controlled by both psychological and thermal stimulants

40
Q

What are the key characteristics of the apocine sweat glands? (5)

A

Also derived from the epidermis

Open into the hair follicle and are the larger of the two types of sweat glands

Most numerous around the axillae, perineum, areolae

The sweat is odourless when first produced, it is when bacteria act on the sweat that an odour is produced

Under both nervous and hormonal control, and plays a role in the poorly understood human pheromone response

41
Q

How does the hair have nerve supply?

A

Hairs can detect movement over the skin, eg. A insect crawling. This allows use to react to and remove it before it can bite and cause a localised/systemic reaction

42
Q

How does the skin have nerve supply?

A

The skin has the ability to detect touch, temp, and pain due to receptors like the pacinian corpuscle which detects pressure, which are located within its layers

43
Q

What do all nerves supplying the skin have?

A

They all have cell bodies in the main dorsal root ganglia

44
Q

Where are free sensory nerve endings found?

A

In the dermis

45
Q

What are free sensory nerve endings adjacent to?

A

Merkel cells in the epidermis

46
Q

What do free sensory nerve endings detect?

A

Pain, itch and temp

47
Q

What are the two examples of specialised receptors located within the dermis?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

Meissner corpuscles

48
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscle responsible for?

A

Detecting pressure and vibration

49
Q

What is the meissner corpuscle responsible for?

A

Detecting touch

50
Q

Where is the meissner corpuscles mostly detected?

A

In the dermis of the hands and feet

51
Q

Where do the arteries branch to?

A

Upwards into the dermal papillae, each having a single loop of capillary vessels, one arterial and one venous

52
Q

What are the name of the structures in the dermis that is responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses

53
Q

Why is it important to maintain near constant temp?

A

Allow normal metabolic reactions to occur

54
Q

How does the skin assist in thermoregulation? (2)

A

Sweat - evaporation of sweat and by direct heat loss from the surface

By vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels causing changes in the blood flow to the skin.

55
Q

What is vasodilation? (3)

A

Where the shunt vessel constricts diverging the blood to the capillaries

More blood flows through the dilated capillaries

Heat lost by radiation

56
Q

What is vasoconstriction? (4)

A

Where the shunt vessel dilates to divert blood from capillaries

Less blood flows in capillaries

Does this in response to nerve impulses from hypothalamus

Prevents heat loss

57
Q

What gives the skin its colour? (3)

A

Pigments in the skin

Blood circulating through the skin

Thickness of the stratum corneum

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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