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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main blood vessels?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
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2
Q

What builds up the structure of blood vessels? (3)

A

Tunica Externa

Tunica Media

Tunica Interna

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3
Q

What is the Tunica Externa?

A

The outer fibrous sheath formed of elastin and collagen

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4
Q

What is the Tunica Media?

A

The middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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5
Q

What is the Tunica Interna?

A

The smooth lining of squamous epithelium in the centre of blood vessels.

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6
Q

What is the role of arteries?

A

They take oxygenated blood away from the heart and delivers it to the capillaries.

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7
Q

What is the exception for the role of arteries?

A

The pulmonary artery which carries blood deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.

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8
Q

What are the different types of artery in the body?

A 
Carotic artery 
Radical artery
Femural artery
Aorta
Brachial artery
Pulmonary artery
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9
Q

What is the role of precapillary sphincters?

A

It is a band of smooth muscle that adjusts and controls blood flow into capillaries

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10
Q

What is the role of capillaries? (3)

A

Links the arterial and venous systems

Allow the interchange of gases and the transfer of nutrients to and waste products

Single layer of cells (short diffusion pathway)

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11
Q

What is the 3 different kinds of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

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12
Q

What kinds of substances are exchanged through a semi-permeable membrane?

A 
Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids (protein)
Gases
Vitamins
Minerals
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13
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

It is the fluid that fills the space between the cells

It is formed when plasma in the blood is forced through the gaps in the capillary walls except for those components that are too large

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14
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

It’s pressure that pulls fluid back in via the venous system

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15
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure blood is under as it enters the capillaries due to the search of blood as the heart contracts.

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16
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis.

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17
Q

What is the two ends of the capillary called?

A

Arterial end and venous end

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18
Q

What is the role of the venous system?

A

The deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and delivers it to the heart

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19
Q

What is the exception for the venous system? (Veins)

A

The pulmonary vein as it carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

20
Q

What are the different veins in the body?

A 
Vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Jugular vein
Hepatic vein
Renal vein
Popliteal vein
21
Q

Factors that affect the diameter of blood vessels?

A 
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Medicines
Drugs
Alcohol
Temperature
22
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls the smooth muscles in the arteries and veins

It controls involuntary functions in the body including heart beat

23
Q

Where does the nerves from the autonomic nervous system come from?

A

The vasocentre in the medulla oblongata

24
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system divide into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system? (5)

A

It has a role in the fight or flight response

It is response for regulating the body’s unconscious actions

It is responsible for the reflexive, involuntary responses of the body

Helps regulate internal processes

It dilates and accelerates different parts of the nervous system

26
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system? (4)

A

It is response for regulating the body’s uncsonsious actions.

It is response for stimulate of “rest-and-digest” etc

It is the relaxation response

It contracts and slows down responses initiated by the sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

What is systolic blood pressure? (4)

A

It is the first number recorded when blood pressure is taken
(120/80 mmHg - 120 is the systolic blood pressure)

It is due to the discharge of blood from the heart into the aorta

It is the pressure of the blood in the arterial system when the blood is pushed into the aorta

120mmHg

28
Q

What does mmHg unit stand for?

A

Millimetres of Mercury

29
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

It is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Most of the pressure is due to the contraction of the heart

30
Q

What is the normal systolic pressure?

A

Below 120

31
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure? (3)

A

It is the second number (120/80 mmHg - 80 is diastolic)

It is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats

This is the time when the heart fills with blood and gets oxygen

32
Q

What is normal diastolic pressure?

A

Lower than 80 (ranges from 60-80)

33
Q

What factors determine blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output and arteriolar (peripheral) resistance

34
Q

What is the phrase for organs that can self-regulate blood flow?

A

Auto-regulation

35
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

They detect pressure

36
Q

what levels blood pressure affect baroreceptors? And where does this occur?

A

Baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses are stimulated when there is high and low blood pressure

37
Q

What do baroreceptors do in terms of responding to blood pressure? (3)

A

They send information to the CVC

During high blood pressure, the CVC sends parasympathetic stimuli to the heart (slows) and reduces sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels (vasodilation)

The opposite occurs for low blood pressure

38
Q

What is the role of carotid sinuses?

A

The carotid sinus in the carotid arteries monitor the pressure of blood delivered to the brain.
It is the centre of the carotid sinus reflex

39
Q

How does the baroreceptors in the carotid bodies respond to high blood pressure? (4)

A

The baroreceptors in the carotid bodies detect the change in blood pressure

Impulses are transported across the glossopharygeal nerve

The impulse then reaches the cardio-inhibitory centre in the medulla

The impulse then travels along the vagus nerve and reduces heart rate

40
Q

What is the role of the aortic sinus?

A

The aortic sinus in the arch of the aorta monitors the pressure of blood as it leaves the heart.
It is the centre of the aortic sinus reflex

41
Q

How does the baroreceptors in the aortic bodies respond to high blood pressure? (4)

A

The baroreceptors in the aortic bodies detect high blood pressure

An impulse is then sent across the vagus nerve

The impulse then reaches the cardio-inhibitory centre in the medulla

The impulse then travels along another vagus nerve reducing the heart rate

42
Q

What does the chemoreceptors respond to and where are they?

A

Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies and also in the medulla respond to rising carbon dioxide and decreasing oxygen

43
Q

What do chemoreceptors do in response to blood pressure?

A

They send impulses to the CVC, which increases sympathetic stimulus to the heart and blood vessels

Only occurs when severe disruption to respiratory and a fall in systolic BP >80mmHg

44
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It keeps the body in homeostasis

It controls things like temperature

45
Q

What factors affect pulse rate?

A 
Medication 
Temperature 
Age
Exercise
Disease
Drugs
Posture
Emotional state
46
Q

What factors affect respiratory rate?

A 
Age
Pain
Emotion
Resistance from air passages (eg.asthma)
Fever
Elasticity of the lungs 
Chemical changes

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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