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Anatomy and Physiology > Introduction to the body > Flashcards

Introduction to the body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

It is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationship between its parts.

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2
Q

What is the definition of physiology?

A

Study of how the systems work and the way they maintain the health of an individual.

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3
Q

What is the definition of pathology?

A

Study of abnormalities and considers how they affect body functions causing illnesses.

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4
Q

What is the name of the 11 body systems?

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Exocrine
  • Lymphatic
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Renal
  • Reproductive
  • Respiratory
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5
Q

What is the definition of endocrine?

A

This is a gland that secretes chemical messengers called hormones directly into the bloodstream or tissue.

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6
Q

What is the definition of exocrine?

A

This is a gland that’s secretes products like enzymes into ducts opening to an epithelium rather than straight into the blood stream.

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7
Q

Give an example of an organ that is both endocrine and exocrine.
And explain. (3)

A

The pancreas.

Endocrine - secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels in the body.

Exocrine - secretes enzymes to breakdown proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids produced from food.

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8
Q

Why do we need medical terms?

4

A
  • To describe the location of injury.
  • To make it easier to understand.
  • Decipher medical notes and conditions quicker.
  • Professional and ensures a better handover.
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9
Q

What is the standard anatomical position? (5)

A 
Person standing straight.
Feet facing forwards.
Arms to the side.
Palms of the hands facing interior (forwards).
Fingers pointing straight down.
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the standard anatomical position?

A

Used to describe locations easier and make position references.

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11
Q

What are body planes?

A

Body planes include sagittal, coronal and transverse planes which are all positioned 90 degrees to each other.

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12
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

It divides the body or organ into right and left hand sides.

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13
Q

What is the coronal/frontal plane?

A

It divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.

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14
Q

What is the transverse/horizontal/cross-sectional plane?

A

It divides the body or organ into superior or inferior portions.

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15
Q

Name the four body cavities.

A
  • Cranial
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
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16
Q

Why is knowledge on body cavities important?

A

Because these are potential spaces for blood or air to enter.

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17
Q

What does superior and inferior mean in terms of direction?

Give an example.

A

Superior - above
Inferior - below

e.g. The elbow is superior to the hand.

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18
Q

What does anterior and posterior mean in terms of direction?

A

Anterior - towards the front (chest side) of the body.

Posterior - towards the back.

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19
Q

What does proximal and distal mean in terms of direction?

Give an example.

A

Proximal - closest to the point of origin.

Distal - farthest away.

e.g. Tibia - proximal end would be the end close to the knee (the knee itself). Distal end would be close to the foot (further away).

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20
Q

What does medial and lateral mean?

A

Medial - towards the midline of the body.

Lateral - means away from the midline.

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21
Q

What does superficial and deep mean?

A

Superficial - towards the body surface.

Deep - Farthest from the body surface.

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22
Q

What does supine, prone and lateral mean?

A

Supine - laying on the back.

Prone - laying on the front.

Lateral - laying sideways.

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23
Q

What does abduction mean?

A

Movement of the body part away from the body.

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24
Q

What does adduction mean?

A

Movement of the body part towards the body.

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25
Q

What does flexion mean?

A

Decreases angle between two body parts.

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26
Q

What does extension mean?

A

Increasing angle between two body parts.

27
Q

What does elevation mean?

A

Movement in superior direction.

28
Q

What does depression mean?

A

Movement in inferior direction.

29
Q

What does supination mean?

A

Lying flat on the back.

30
Q

What does dorsiflexion mean?

A

Ankles/feet and hands up.

31
Q

What does inversion mean?

A

Movement towards median plane.

32
Q

What does eversion mean?

A

Movement of away from median plane. (Lateral direction).

33
Q

What does reposition mean?

A

Away.

34
Q

What is the 1 and 3 region of the abdomen called?

A

Hypochondriac region.

35
Q

What is in the right hypochondriac region?

4

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Small intestines

36
Q

What is the region 2 on the abdomen called?

A

Epigastric regions.

37
Q

Where is the epigastric region (2) located?

A

It is positioned superior to the umbilical region.

38
Q

What is within the epigastric region? (6)

A
  • Most of the pancreas
  • Part of the stomach
  • Liver
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Abdomen aorta
  • Duodenum.
39
Q

What is the region 4 and 6 in the abdomen called?

A

Lumbar region.

40
Q

What is within the right lumbar region? (2)

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon

41
Q

What is the region 5 in the abdomen called?

A

Umbilical region.

42
Q

What is within the umbilical region?

A

Sections of large and small intestines.

Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Transverse colon

Bottom portions of left and right kidney

Inferior vena cava

Abdomen aorta.

43
Q

What is the region 7 and 9 called in the abdomen?

A

Iliac region.

44
Q

What is within the right iliac fossa region?

A

Appendix
Ascending colon
Cecum (pouch at beginning of large intestine)
Bladder

45
Q

What is the 8 region called in the abdomen?

A

Hypogastric or suprapubic region.

46
Q

What is within the hypogastric region?

A
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Urinary bladder
  • Ureters
  • Uterus
  • Ovaries
  • Portions is small intestines
47
Q

What is body planes?

A

Body planes include sagittal, coronal/frontal and transverse planes which are all at 90 degree angles to one another.

48
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body or organ into right and left hand sides. It moves from the centre of the head downwards.

49
Q

What is the coronal/frontal plane?

A

It divides the body or organ into anterior or posterior positions. Anterior is the front and posterior is the back.

50
Q

What is the transverse/horizontal/cross-sectional plane?

A

It divides the body or organ into a superior or inferior portions. Superior means higher up and inferior means lower down.

51
Q

What are organs composed of?

A

Tissue

52
Q

What are tissues composed of?

A

Cells

53
Q

What are cells composed of?

A

Molecules

54
Q

What are molecules composed of?

A

Atoms

55
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

56
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range despite external changes (dynamic equilibrium)

57
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A process that brings about a reversal in any change in conditions

58
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A process that increases any change detected by receptors. Tends to be harmful and does not lead to homeostasis.

59
Q

What are the three basic components of a control system ?

A

Detector, control centre and effector

60
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymph vessels
Tissue fluid
Lymph nodes

61
Q

What do lymph vessels begin as?

A

Blind ended tubes in the interstitial spaces between the blood capillaries and tissue cells

62
Q

What is the left hypochondriac region ?

A

Spleen
Colon
Left kidney
Pancreas

63
Q

What is within the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon

Left kidney

64
Q

What is within the left iliac fossa region?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Bladder
Uterus in women

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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