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Anatomy and Physiology > Gastrointestinal System (GI) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System (GI) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the GI system a collective name for?

A

The alimentary canal, accessory organs and digestive processes

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2
Q

Where does the alimentary canal begin, pass through, and end at?

A

It begins at the mouth, passes through thorax, abdomen and pelvis, before ending at anus

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3
Q

What do digestive processes do?

A

Break down foods until they can be absorbed in the form of amino acids, mineral salts, fat and vitamins

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4
Q

What does the absorption of amino acids, mineral salts, fat and vitamins from food help create?

A 
Cells
Hormones
Enzymes
Energy
Waste disposal
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5
Q

What organs are in the alimentary canal/GI Tract?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine 
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
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6
Q

What are the accessory muscles used in the digestive system?

A 
Salivary glands
Pancras
Liver
Biliary ducts
Gall bladder
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7
Q

What is the abdomen split into? (4)

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

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8
Q

What organs are located in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney

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9
Q

What organs are located in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Right and left kidney

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10
Q

What organs are located in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Stomach
Liver (tip)
Left kidney
Spleen

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11
Q

What organs are located in the right lumbar region?

A

Liver (tip)
Small intestines
Ascending colon
Right kidney

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12
Q

What organs are located in the umbilical region?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestines
Transverse colon

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13
Q

What organs are located in the left lumbar region?

A

Small intestines
Descending colon
Left kidney

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14
Q

What organs are located in the right iliac region?

A

Small intestines
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending colon

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15
Q

What organs are located in the hypogastric/suprapubic region?

A

Small intestines
Sigmoid colon
Bladder

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16
Q

What organs are located in the left iliac region?

A

Small intestines
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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17
Q

What are the digestive processes? (5)

A

Ingestion - eating and drinking

Propulsion - mixing and moving

Digestion - mechanical breakdown (eg. mastication which is the chewing of food) and chemical digestion (enzymes)

Absorption - some digested food passes through some of the digestive tract organ walls in to circulation.

Elimination - some food cannot be digested and absorbed

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18
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A closed sac containing small amount of serous fluid within abdominal cavity

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the peritoneum?

A

Provides barrier to stop spread of infection

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal layer - lines abdo wall

Visceral layer - covers organs within abdo and pelvic cavity

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21
Q

What is the mouth also known as?

A

Oral cavity

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22
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with?

A

Mucous membrane

Stratified squamous epithelium containing mucus secreting glands

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23
Q

What is between the gums and cheek?

A

Vestibule

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24
Q

What is the mucous membrane on the cheeks and lips continuous with?

A

The skin of the face

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25
Q

What is the palate in the oral cavity split into?

A

Hard and soft palate

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26
Q

What is the hard palette formed by?

A

Maxilla and palatine bones

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27
Q

What is the uvula?

A

Curved fold muscle hanging from soft palate

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28
Q

What is the tongue?

A

A voluntary muscle

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29
Q

Where is the base of the tongue attached?

A

To the hyoid bone and a fold of mucous membrane called frenulum

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30
Q

What region of the tongue contains taste receptors?

A

It superiorly has papillae (projections) containing these

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31
Q

What is the four functions of the tongue?

A

Chewing (mastication)
Swallowing (deglutition)
Speech
Taste

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32
Q

What are the three main salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Subligual

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33
Q

What is saliva?

A

A combination of secretions from salivary glands and mucus secreting glands of oral mucosa

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34
Q

How many litres a day of saliva is produced?

A

1.5 litres

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35
Q

What does saliva consist of?

A

Water
Salts
Salivary amylase (enzyme to break down sugar)
Mucus
Lysozyme (protects against bacteria)
Immunoglobulins (protect against infection)
Blood clotting factors

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36
Q

What are five functions of saliva?

A

Aid digestion of polysaccharides (complex sugars)

Lubricate food

Cleaning and lubrications mouth - preventing damage to mucous membrane

Non-specific defence to infection

Taste - taste buds only stimulate when chemical substance is in solution. If no saliva, try food would not taste of anything

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37
Q

What 3 sections is the pharynx spilt into?

A

Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx

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38
Q

What two pharynxes are passages for both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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39
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm long

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40
Q

What is the diameter of the oesophagus?

A

2cm wife

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41
Q

Where does the oesophagus lie?

A

In the median plane of the thorax, anterior to vertebral column

42
Q

What is the oesophagus continuous with?

A

Pharynx

43
Q

What is the purpose of the oesophagus?

A

Joins the stomach just below diaphragm allowing food to pass through

44
Q

Where does the oesophagus join to the stomach?

A

Around the level of the 10th thoracic vertebrae

45
Q

What is the cavity above the diaphragm?

A

Thoracic cavity

46
Q

Where are the sphincters on the oesophagus?

A

At the superior and inferior ends

47
Q

What shape is the oesophagus before entering the stomach and why?

A

Sharp curve upwards to reduce regurgitation

48
Q

What is the function of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus in the digestive system?

A

Form a volume

Mastication by teeth

Moved around mouth by tongue and cheek muscles

Mixed with saliva

Formed into soft bolus

Amount of time this takes depends on food

49
Q

What happens in stage 1 of deglutition (swallowing)?

A

Mouth closed

Voluntary muscles tongue and cheeks push bolus towards pharynx

50
Q

What happens in stage 2 of deglutition (swallowing)?

A

muscles of pharynx stimulated reflex action

Involuntary contraction of these muscles push bolus in to oesophagus

All other routes closed

Soft palate rises to close Nasopharynx

Tongue and pharyngeal folds block entry in to oral cavity

Larynx lifts up and forward so is opening is occluded by epiglottis

51
Q

What happens in stage 3 of deglutition (swallowing)?

A

Presence of bolus

Stimulates wave of peristalsis through oesophagus

Cardiac sphincter relaxes

52
Q

What shape is the stomach?

A

J shaped

53
Q

Where is the stomach located in the regions of the stomach? (Hypochondriac etc)

A

Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Left hypochondriac region

54
Q

What is the stomach continuous with?

A

Oesophagus at cardiac sphincter and duodenum at pyloric sphincter

55
Q

What are the 3 regions of the stomach?

A

Fundus
Body
Pyloric

56
Q

How many layers does the stomach have?

A

3

57
Q

What are the three layers of the stomach?

A

Outer layer longitudinal fibres

Middle layer circular fibres

Inner layer oblique fibres

58
Q

What do the different arrangement of the layers of the stomach allow?

A

Churning motion

Peristaltic movement

59
Q

What is gastric mucosa?

A

Mucous membrane layer of the stomach contains glands and gastric pits

60
Q

What do the specialised cells that secrete gastric juice secrete?

A

Gastric juice

61
Q

Where is the mucosa gastric gland positioned?

A

Sits inferior to the surface of the stomach within the mucous membrane

62
Q

How much food can the stomach of an adult hold?

A

1.5L

63
Q

What do gastric muscles do?

A

Churn food to break it down in to a bolus and mix it with gastric juice

64
Q

What pushes the bolus toward the pylorus?

A

Peristaltic waves

65
Q

What closed when the stomach is active?

A

Pyloric sphincter

66
Q

What is the purpose do strong peristaltic contact of the pylorus?

A

Forces chyme through pyloric sphincter in to duodenum in small bits

67
Q

What is chyme in the stomach?

A

Partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum at the beginning of the small intestine

68
Q

What are some of the functions of the stomach?

A

Temporary storage to allow enzymes to act

Chemical digestion

Mechanical breakdown

Limited absorption water, medication

Non specific defence against microbes

Prep for absorption of iron

Secretion of intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Regulation of passage of gastric contents in to duodenum

Secretion of gastric (hormone)

69
Q

How many litres of gastric juice is secreted approximately everyday?

A

2L

70
Q

When is secretion of the gastric juice max?

A

1 hour after meal

71
Q

When does secretion return to fasting level for gastric juice?

A

4 hours after

72
Q

What does gastric juice consist of?

A 
Water
Mineral salts
Mucus
Hydrochloric acid
Intrinsic factor
Inactive enzyme precursors
73
Q

What are some of the functions of gastric juice? (5)

A

Water - further liquifies

Hydrochloric acid - acidified food and stops action of salivary amylase.
Kills ingested microbes.
Provides acid environment for effective digestion

Pepsinogens - activates to pepsins by HCL. They are enzymes that break down proteins.

Intrinsic factor - a protein needed for absorption of vitamin B12

Mucus - prevents injury to stomach wall by keeping it lubricated

74
Q

What is the small intestine continuous with?

A

Pyloric sphincter

75
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

Less than 5m

76
Q

What does the small intestine lead to?

A

Large intestine at ileocaecal valve

77
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion completed

Absorption nutrients

78
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

79
Q

How long is the duodenum do the small intestine?

A

25cm

80
Q

How long is the jejunum of the small intestine?

A

2m

81
Q

How long is the ileum of the small intestine?

A

3m

82
Q

What are some of the functions of the small intestine?

A

Movement of peristalsis

Secretion of intestinal juice (1.5L a day)

Completion chemical digestion

Protect against infection due to presence of lymph follicles

Secretion of digestive hormones

Absorption nutrients

83
Q

What does chyme mix with?

A

Pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice

84
Q

What is the pancreatic juice secreted from?

A

Pancreas

85
Q

What does pancreatic juice consist of?

A

Water

Mineral salts

Enzymes (amylase, lipase, nucleases)

Inactive enzyme precursors (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen)

86
Q

What is bile secreted by?

A

Liver

87
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

88
Q

What pH is bile?

A

8

89
Q

What pH is intestinal juice?

A

7.8-8.0

90
Q

How much bile is secreted daily?

A

500ml-1L

91
Q

What does bile consist of?

A

Water

Mineral salts

Mucus

Bile salts

Bile pigment (mainly bilirubin)

Cholesterol

92
Q

What are some functions of bile?

A

Bile salt - emulsifies fats

Bile pigment (bilirubin) - waste product of breakdown of erythrocytes, excreted in bile

Deodorise faeces

93
Q

Where are Most digestive enzymes located?

A

In small intestine within erythrocytes of wall of the microvilli

94
Q

What are the enzymes in intestinal juice?

A 
Peptidases
Lipase
Sucrase
Maltase 
Lactase
95
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5m

96
Q

What is the diameter of the large intestine?

A

6.5cm

97
Q

Where does the large intestine begin?

A

Caecum in the right iliac fossa

98
Q

Where does the large intestine end?

A

Ends at rectum and anal canal

99
Q

What sections is the large intestine divided into?

A

Caecum, colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

100
Q

What is the function of the large intestine? (4)

A

Water absorption through osmosis until right consistency of faeces, some meds, salts and vitamins

Microbial activity - lots of bacteria which is harmless unless transferred to wrong area. Gases produced by bacteria fermentation.

Mass movement - peristaltic movements only about twice an hour

Defaecation - contraction of abdo muscles and lowering of diaphragm assists

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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