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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood and Nervous System > Flashcards

Blood and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

It is a fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

What does blood allow?

A

Communication between distant cells

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3
Q

What does the blood transport around the body?

A 
Oxygen
Nutrient
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Waste products
Hormones
Protective substances (antibodies etc)
Clothing factors
Heat
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4
Q

What pH is the blood?

A

7.4

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5
Q

What percentage of liquid and solids is the blood composed of?

A

55% liquid

45% solids

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6
Q

What are the main components of the blood?

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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7
Q

What’s percentage of water is in plasma?

A

90-92%

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8
Q

What substances are dissolved or suspended in the plasma?

A 
Plasma proteins
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Waste products
Hormones
Gases
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9
Q

Why can plasma proteins not enter the blood?

A

It is too large so remains in the blood

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10
Q

What the purpose of plasma remaining in the blood?

A

To maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by water in a solution

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12
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What is the second most common plasma protein?

A

Globulins

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14
Q

What is the least abundant plasma proteins?

A

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

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15
Q

What causes the viscosity of the blood?

A

The plasma proteins

Mainly albumin and fibrinogen

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16
Q

What is the main function of albumin?

A

To maintain normal osmotic pressure and is responsible for transport of drugs

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17
Q

What is globulin proteins used for?

A

Used as antibodies and for transportation

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18
Q

What is fibrinogen and prothrombin plasma proteins involved it?

A

Blood clotting

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19
Q

What are the four main electrolytes in the body?

A

Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl-

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20
Q

What are the

products of digestion which are also used as nutrients?

A 
Glucose
Amino acids (make up proteins)
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Vitamins
Minerals
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21
Q

Where are waste products produced and where is it transported?

A

The liver and transported to the kidneys for excretion

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22
Q

How is urine produced for excretion in kidneys?

A

Protein breakdown

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23
Q

How is uric acid produced in the kidney?

A

Breakdown of proteins

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24
Q

How is creatinine produced in the kidney?

A

Breakdown of muscle tissue

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25
Q

What percentage of oxygen is carried in the haemoglobin?

A

98.5%

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26
Q

When oxygen and haemoglobin bind what does it become?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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27
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in solution in the plasma?

A

1.5%

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28
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma?

A

77%

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29
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in haemoglobin?

A

23%

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30
Q

When carbon dioxide and haemoglobin bind, what does it form?

A

Carbaminohaemaglobin

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31
Q

What are the three types of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes

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32
Q

Where is blood cells produced and what is the name of the process?

A

They are produced by haemopoiesis in red bone marrow

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33
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

The production of blood cells

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34
Q

What percentage of blood cells are erythrocytes?

A

99%

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35
Q

What are the three characteristics of erythrocytes?

A

No nucleus - more space of O2

Biconcave to maximise surface area

Flexible to squeeze through capillaries

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36
Q

What do erythrocytes contain?

A

Haemoglobin

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37
Q

What does haemoglobin contain?

A

4 haem groups

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38
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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39
Q

What percentage of erythrocytes are replaced daily?

A

1%

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40
Q

Where is erythrocytes destroyed (haemolytic)?

A

In the spleen, bone marrow and the liver

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41
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Breakdown of red blood cells

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42
Q

What is haemoglobin made up of?

A

A protein (globin) and an iron complex

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43
Q

How many oxygens can one haem unit carry?

A

1 O2

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44
Q

How many haemoglobins do erythrocytes carry?

A

280 million

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45
Q

When the four sites on a haemoglobin is occupied by oxygen, what is it described as?

A

Saturated

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46
Q

What colour is oxygen saturated blood?

A

Red

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47
Q

Under what conditions will haemoglobin release it’s oxygen? (3)

A

Low pH

Hypoxia

High temperature

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48
Q

What is the role of leukocytes?

A

Defence and immunity

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49
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

Detect foreign material and destroy it

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50
Q

What blood cell is the largest?

A

Leukocytes

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51
Q

What are the two main types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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52
Q

What is the key physical difference between erythrocytes and leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes has nuclei

53
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

54
Q

What are the two Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

55
Q

What is the function of neutrophils? (2)

A

Destroy and remove foreign substances (eg. Bacteria) by surrounding foreign body, engulfing it and breaking it down using hydrolytic enzymes

Can squeeze through capillary walls

56
Q

What is the role of eosinophils? (3)

A

It has two roles in destroying foreign substances like parasites such as worms, engulfing them and destroying them.

Contains toxic chemicals

It also regulates inflammation

57
Q

What is the role of basophils? (3)

A

Causes body to produce antibody immunoglobulin which then bonds to basophils and mast cells. These then eels was substances such as histamine and serotonin.

Associated with allergic reactions

Promotes inflammation

58
Q

What is the role of monocytes? (3)

A

Monitors environment and differentiates into macrophages (phagocytosis etc) and dendritic cells (Antigen Presenting Cells) as needed.

Stimulates hypothalamus which produces a rise in body temp

59
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

These are specialised macrophages found in tissue which works to identify and destroy invading antigens

60
Q

What are some of the main types of lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells

T cells

B cells

61
Q

What is the role of T lymphocytes? (2)

A

Send chemical instructions to the rest of the immune system so that your body can then produce and kill invaders

Other types of T cells recognise and kill virus infected cells directly

62
Q

What is the role of B lymphocytes? (2)

A

Work alongside T lymphocytes

Produce antibodies so that the body can then produce toxic substances

63
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

Promote blood clotting

64
Q

Where are platelets stored?

A

1/3 is stored in the spleen

65
Q

How long do platelets survive?

66
Q

When would platelets be destroyed?

A

If they’re not used in haemostasis they are destined by macrophages

67
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

stopping of blood flow

68
Q

What causes haemostasis?

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation

69
Q

What causes vasoconstriction during haemostasis?

70
Q

How is a platelet plug formed during haemostasis?

A

Clumping occurs and released chemical attract more platelets

71
Q

How long does it take for platelet plug to form?

72
Q

What is the process of haemostasis? (11)

A

When tissue is damaged, platelets contact collagen (protein in skin) when skin is damaged

Triggers release of thromboplastin and serotonin.

Serotonin binds to receptors on smooth muscle causing contraction reducing blood flow

Clotting factors prothrombin activator and Ca2+ ions released (enzyme)

Prothrombin activator converts blood protein prothrombin to thrombin (enzyme)

Thrombin splits fibrinogen to form fibrin (insoluble protein)

Fibrin fibres form mesh over wound

Bleeding stops

Clot dries and forms scab preventing pathogens infecting

Wound held under scab

Enzyme plasmin released to dissolve clot

73
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system? (3)

A

In charge of body processes that happen slowly such as cell growth

Secretes hormones (chemical messengers) directly into the blood stream whereas exocrine releases substances into ducts.

Hormones target cells and tissues

74
Q

What does the endocrine system regulate?

A 
Mood
Growth 
Development 
Tissue function 
Metabolism
Reproduction
75
Q

What is the role of the nervous system? (2)

A

Faster than the endocrine system

Communication and controlling system

Coordinates activities and actions of individual body systems

76
Q

What are the three principle functions of the nervous system?

A

Receive
Convey
Integrate

77
Q

How does the nervous system function using the three principles?

A

It receive the stimuli from outside and inside the body. It analyses this information. It coordinates an appropriate response.

It then conveys impulses from the brain. It then stimulates or depresses activity in muscles, glands or other tissues.

It integrates the many different functions carried out by individual organs, tissues and cells.

78
Q

What is the nervous system split into?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

79
Q

What is the central nervous system split into?

A

The brain and spinal cord

80
Q

What is the brain split into?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem

81
Q

What is the brain stem split into?

A

Mid brain

Pons Variolli

Medulla Oblongata

82
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system split into?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Somatic Nervous System (voluntary and conscious)

Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)

83
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system split into?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

84
Q

What is meninges?

A

It is the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord

85
Q

What are the three membranes of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid Mater

Pia mater

86
Q

What is the first layer of the brain?

87
Q

What is the second layer of the brain?

A

Dura Mater

88
Q

What is the third layer of the brain?

A

Arachnoid Mater

89
Q

What is the third layer of the brain?

90
Q

What sits in between the membranes is the meninges?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

91
Q

What allows the central nervous system to contact the peripheral nervous system?

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor)

92
Q

What allows the peripheral nervous system to contact the central nervous system?

A

Afferent Neurons (sensory)

93
Q

What is the purpose of neurones?

A

Conduct nerve impulses

94
Q

What is the neuroglia and it’s role?

A

It is a unique connective tissue that supports Neurons

95
Q

How many more neuroglia is there compared to neurones?

96
Q

What are dendrites?

A

An extension of the cell body

White matter of the nervous system

97
Q

What is white matter?

A

Areas of the CNS mainly made up of myelinated axons

98
Q

What is grey matter in the brain? (2)

A

Contains most of the neuronal cell bodies

Includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making and self control

99
Q

What is the cell body?

A

Formed of grey matter of the nervous system

100
Q

Where is the cell body of a neurone found?

A

I’m the periphery of the brain and the centre of the spinal cord

101
Q

What is the axon?

A

Extension of the cell body which can be either myelinated and unmyelinated

102
Q

What do terminal boutons contain?

A

Contains neurotransmitters

103
Q

What is myelin formed of?

A

Layers of Schwann cells plasma membrane wrapped around the axon

104
Q

What is the purpose of myelin? (3)

A

Insulated the axon

Transmits nerve impulses faster

Prevents impulse from being lost

105
Q

What is the purpose of Nodes of Ranvier? (2)

A

Assist in rapid transmission of nerve impulses

Allows impulses to jump along axon known as Saltatory Conduction

106
Q

What happens at the terminal boutons and why does this occur?

A

The impulse is changed from electrical to chemical

This is because the nerves do not come into direct contact and therefore electricity can not be passed from one neurone to the next

107
Q

What are neurotransmitters made of?

A

Nerve cells

108
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Terminal boutons

109
Q

What is the purpose of neurotransmitters?

A

Convey info from one neurone to the next

110
Q

What is acetylcholine (Ach)?

A

One of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the body

111
Q

What is the function of Ach?

A

Stimulates muscle contractions

Memory and cognition

112
Q

Where is Ach found?

A

CNS and PNS

113
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Numerous neurones that are collected into bundles

114
Q

What is afferent? (3)

A

Sensory

Carry information from the body to the spinal cord

Can be automatic

115
Q

What is efferent? (3)

A

Motor

Originate in the brain and spinal cord

Transmit impulses to the effector organs: muscles and glands

116
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia?

A

Astorcytes

Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells

Microglia

117
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Insulated parts of nerve cells that lack protective myelin sheath and helps oligodendrocytes create myelin sheath

118
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Provides support and insulation to axons in the CNS by forming myelin sheath

119
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Facilitated transport of hormones and other substances in the brain.

120
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

These are the primary immune cells of the CNS which responds to pathogens and injury migrating to sites of infection/injury where they destroy pathogens and remove damaged cells

121
Q

What is sympathetic?

A

Fight or flight

122
Q

What is parasympathetic?

A

Rest and digest

123
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

124
Q

Where do cranial nerves originate from?

A

Nuclei within the brain

125
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

It is the 10th cranial nerves which forms part of the parasympathetic nervous system

126
Q

What are the key spinal nerves that you must know?

A 
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
127
Q

What may be some responses from sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increase heart rate (increase blood flow)

Pupil dilation (see better)

Reduced saliva secretion

Faster breathing (more O2)

Reduce digestion and urine production

Vasodilation

128
Q

What may be some responses from parasympathetic response?

A

Reduction in heart rate

Pull constriction

Increased saliva secretion

Vasoconstriction

Increase digestion and urine secretion

Reduce breathing

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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