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Anatomy and Physiology > Cells Tissues Organs > Flashcards

Cells Tissues Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of water in the body is found in cells?

A

38%

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2
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up of water?

A

60%

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Two layers of fatty substances called phospholipids

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4
Q

What makes the plasma membrane partially permeable?

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads (interact with water) and hydrophobic fatty acid tails (don’t interact with water and shielded in by phosphate heads.

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient

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6
Q

What is osmosis?

A

It is the net movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient

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7
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient using energy in the form of ATP

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8
Q

What is a cell?

A

The fundamental unit of all living organisms

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9
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

It is also known as the cell surface membrane that coats a cell controlling what enters and exits the cell

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance that makes the matrix of the cell

It is where all chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is an organelle that controls the activities of the cell and is also involved in cell division

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12
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is continuous with the nucleus and produces and packages proteins to be transported to the Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

It is tiny granules composed of RNA and protein

They make proteins from amino acids and are involved in metabolism in the cell

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14
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Synthesis lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification of harmful metabolic by-products and storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell

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15
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

Folded membranous sacks that package proteins into secretory vesicles which are either released out of the cell from the CSM or remains in the cell as lysosomes if it contains hydrolytic enzymes

Also modifies proteins during protein synthesis by adding carbohydrates

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16
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for?

A

Aerobic respiration carried out and adenine triphosphate (ATP) is produced

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17
Q

What are the tiny protein fibres that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Cell extensions

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18
Q

What are the actin filaments (aka microfilaments) responsible for?

A

Helps maintain the cell shape also helping in cell movement

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19
Q

What are the microtubules responsible for?

A

They are large proteins responsible for the movement of organelles by creating tracks and is involved in cell division in the metaphase and anaphase where the cell chromosomes first line up in the metaphase plate and is then pulled to either side of the cell to the poles separating them.

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20
Q

What are the intermediate filaments responsible for?

A

Rigidity of the cell and the positioning of the organelles within

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21
Q

What is a differentiated cell?

A

A cell that has the ability to differentiate/change into any cell type to carry out a particular function

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22
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

In the bronchi and bronchioles

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23
Q

What do goblet cells do and why?

A

They secrete mucous which captures and traps invading pathogens and foreign particles within the respiratory pathway

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24
Q

What are cilia responsible for?

A

They are hair-like structures that move in a rhythmic manner and woft the mucous containing foreign partciles up and out of the respiratory pathway into the mouth where it is swallowed and digested

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25
Q

Where is the islets of Langerhans found?

A

In the pancreas

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26
Q

What cells are in the islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha and beta cells

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27
Q

What is the alpha cells responsible for?

A

Production and secretion of glucagon in order to raise blood sugar levels

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28
Q

What is the beta cells responsible for?

A

Production and secretion of insulin in order to reduce blood sugar levels

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29
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A specialised cell that transmits information in the form of nerve impulses or action potentials from one area to another through saltatory conduction where the electrical impulse jumps across the axon in the gaps known as the Node of Ranvier

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30
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

integrate synaptic information and transmit information to other cells via the axon

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31
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body

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32
Q

What are the dendrites responsible for?

A

They are projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit impulses towards the cell body

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33
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

It is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds parts of the axon insulating it and increases the rate of nerve impulse transmission along the axon

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34
Q

What is the function of the Schwann cell?

A

It is in the centre of the myelin sheath and is known as a myelin-secreting glial cell

They form the myelin sheath

They support nerve regeneration

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35
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier?

A

It is the gap in-between each individual myelin sheath

It is involved in saltatory conduction

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36
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

It is a progressive disease causing damage to the myelin sheath of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

What are erythrocytes (RBC) responsible for?

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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38
Q

Why do RBC have no nucleus (enucleated)?

A

To maximise surface area to ensure maximum oxygen capacity

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39
Q

Where are RBC formed and destroyed?

A

Made in the bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen

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40
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Substances move down a concentration gradient without the use of energy needed to facilitate the movement of substances

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41
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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42
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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43
Q

What is the DNA structured?

A

Double helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
4 nitrogenous bases - A, T, C, G

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44
Q

What do the A, T, C, G bases stand for?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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45
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Condensed chromosomes

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46
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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47
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

48
Q

What causes genetic variation in DNA?

A

Crossing-over, mutations and replication errors in DNA replication and division process

49
Q

What is mitosis?

A

It is the division of a cell resulting to the production of genetically identical diploid daughter cells

50
Q

What is the four stages of mitosis?

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
51
Q

What is the role of mitosis?

A

Produce body cells

52
Q

What is the role of interphase in mitosis?

A

Growth
DNA replication
Cell functions

53
Q

How are chromosomes in DNA counted?

A

The number of centromeres

54
Q

How many chromosomes is there before and after mitosis?

A

46 before and after mitosis

55
Q

How many chromatids is there before and after mitosis?

A

46 before and 92 after mitosis

56
Q

What is the process of prophase?

A

The nucleus is still present

Chromosomes are visible as they coil and condense

57
Q

What is the process of metaphase?

A

Nucleus no longer present
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Chromosomes line up in the centre of the metaphase plate

58
Q

What is the process of anaphase?

A

The chromosomes are pulled to either side of the cell to the poles where the sister chromatids are separated

This happens when the spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes dragging them along the cytoplasm to either centrioles

59
Q

What is the process of telophase?

A

Chromosomes are now on two sides of the cell
Nucleus begins forming on both sides
Two identical nuclei are produced

60
Q

What is the process of cytokinesis?

A

Here the cytoplasm begins splitting forming a cleavage furrow
This then produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

61
Q

What are the four types of body tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

62
Q

Where is epithelial tissue located?

A

It covers and lines membrane surfaces, so is protective in nature

63
Q

What two properties can epithelial tissue have?

A

Simple or stratified

64
Q

What is simple epithelial tissue?

A

Composed of single layer of identical cells

Not in areas of wear and tear

Found mostly in areas of absorption and secretion

65
Q

What is simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

Flattened
Efficient diffusion pathway

Commonly found in endocardium of the heart, blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs

66
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Involved in secretion, absorption and excretion

Most commonly found in kidney tubules and some glands

67
Q

What is simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Found lining many organs

There is two types which is ciliated and non-ciliated

68
Q

What is ciliated columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Cilia on outer surface that wafts mucus in one direction in the respiratory tract and transports it to the mouth where it is swallowed and digested

69
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium tissue?

A

Several layers of cells and continuous cell division pushes the lower layers of cells closer to the surface

Protects underlying structures from damage

Skin is an example

70
Q

What is transitional epithelial tissue?

A

Pear-shaped and found in urinary tract

Allows foe stretching

71
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine gland

72
Q

What is the role of an endocrine gland?

A

Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

73
Q

What is the role of an exocrine gland?

A

Secretes enzymes and mucus onto a free surface via ducts

74
Q

What organs is both endocrine and exocrine?

A

Pancreas

75
Q

How is the pancreas endocrine?

A

Production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon

76
Q

How is the pancreas exocrine?

A

Production of enzymes used in digestive tract used to breakdown proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids etc

77
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Most abundant tissue

78
Q

What is the primary functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding and structural support
Protection
Transport
Insulation

79
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue?

A 
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Lymphoid tissue
80
Q

What are the five cells found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres formed by fibroblasts
Adipose or fat cells
Macrophages engulf and digest cell debris
Leukocytes (WBC)
Mast cells involved in inflammatory response

81
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Found all over the body and supports and connects other tissues

82
Q

What are some examples of where loose connective tissue can be found?

A 
Under skin
Between muscles
Supporting blood vessels and nerves
In the alimentary canal (passage for food)
In glands supporting secretory cells
83
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

More fibres and less cells than loose connective tissue

84
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A

Fibrous tissue

Elastic fibres

85
Q

What is fibrous tissue?

A

A dense connective tissue found in ligaments, periosteum (the outer layer of the bones), protecting covering of organs, such as the brain and in muscle sheaths and tendons

86
Q

What is elastic fibre tissue?

A

Found in large blood vessels, the trachea and the bronchi

Extension and recoil

87
Q

What is cartilage?

A

More solid than any other tissue

88
Q

What is cartilage composed of?

A

collagen and elastic fibres

89
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Collection of fat cells

90
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A 
Bone
Airways
Joints
Blood vessels
In the ear
91
Q

What is the two types of adipose tissue?

A

White and brown

92
Q

What is white adipose tissue?

A

Accounts for 20-25% of body weight

Supports organs such as the kidneys and the eyes

93
Q

Where is white adipose tissue stored?

A

Between muscle fibres and under the skin (subcutaneous)

94
Q

What is brown adipose tissue?

A

Present only in the new-born

When metabolised, produces less energy but much more heat, so keeps infants warm

95
Q

What is blood?

A

A connective tissue used to transport substances around the body

96
Q

What are bone cells also known as?

A

Osteocytes

97
Q

What are bone cells surrounded by?

A

Collagen fibres

98
Q

What does muscle tissue need to contract?

A

Oxygen
Calcium
Nutrients

99
Q

What is the main property of muscle tissue?

A

Contract and relax

100
Q

Why does muscle tissue need adequate blood supply?

A

To remove waste products

101
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

102
Q

What is the main property of smooth muscle?

A

Non-striated

103
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary

Stimulated by ANS and some hormones

104
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

Areas where dilation and constriction occurs

such as the blood vessels, alimentary tract (digestive tract) and the urinary bladder

105
Q

What is the main property of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated and generally voluntary

106
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle found?

A

Skeleton

107
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the heart and not under conscious control (ANS)

108
Q

What is an important characteristic of cardiac muscle?

A

Cells are branched so that nerve impulses can radiate across the heart

109
Q

What are nerve cells also known as?

A

Neurons

110
Q

What are the two types of membranes?

A

Epithelial and synovial

111
Q

What are epithelial membranes made of?

A

Epithelial tissue and connective tissue

112
Q

Where is epithelial membranes found?

A

lining internal structures

113
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Mucous membranes and serous membranes

114
Q

What is serous membranes?

A

Secretes watery fluid called serous fluid in areas of high friction, such as between the layers of pleura (in the lungs) and between the layers of pericardium in the heart

115
Q

Where is synovial membranes located?

A

found within moveable joints which lubricate and nourish

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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