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Anatomy and Physiology > Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wound?

A

An injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow, or other impact, typically one in which the skin is cut or broken

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2
Q

What is a fracture?

A

The cracking or breaking in the continuity of the bone

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3
Q

What is a sprain?

A

A wrench or twist of the ligaments of the ankle, wrist or other joint, violently so as to cause pain and swelling but not dislocation

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4
Q

What is a strain?

A

A strain is a force tending to pull or stretch something to an extreme or damaging degree

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5
Q

What is trauma?

A

It is a deeply distressing or disturbing experience.

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6
Q

What are some examples of trauma?

A

Road Traffic Collision (RTC)
Factory accidents
Building site accidents
Animal related accidents

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7
Q

How are injuries caused?

A

Transfer of energy

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8
Q

What percentage of people are likely to later display severe injuries after a trauma incident?

A

5-15%

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9
Q

What is key with energy?

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes in form

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10
Q

What determines the amount of energy exchange that takes place during trauma incident?

A

The number of body tissue particles that are impacted by the solid object

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11
Q

How is the number of tissues particles affected determined by?

A

The density of the tissue

Air (lung)
Water (muscle and organs)
Solid (bones)

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12
Q

What are the five types of fractures?

A 
Greenstick
Spiral
Comminuted
Transverse
Compound
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13
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Not completely broken bone

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14
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

A break that is twisted

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15
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Crushed bone

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16
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A straight break in the bone

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17
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

A protruding break in the bone piercing through the skin

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18
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

An abnormal separation of the joint surfaces

19
Q

What is a partial dislocation also known as?

A

Subluxation

20
Q

What can a dislocation also be accompanied by?

A

Fracture

21
Q

What is soft tissue injuries?

A

Damage to muscle, ligament and tendons as a result of an injury that does not result in either a fracture or dislocation

22
Q

What does DCAP-BTLS-IC stand for?

A

Deformity
Contusions (bruising)
Abrasions (graze)
Penetrations

Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations (deep tear or cut in skin or flesh)
Swelling

Instability
Crepitus (grating sound caused by friction between bone and cartilage or fractured part of bone)

23
Q

What are the eight types of femur fractures?

A

Closed

Open

Transverse (still intact but broken laterally)

Spiral

Comminuted (crushed)

Impacted (bone break due to upward force)

Greenstick (slight break)

Oblique (break apart but not piercing - still in line)

24
Q

Neck of femur fractures are common in…

A

Elderly

25
Q

What does an unstable fracture of the pelvis increase the risk of?

A

High risk of blood loss

26
Q

What is the main cause of spinal cord injuries?

A

Falls

27
Q

What is the most common mechanisms of spinal injuries?

A

Axial stress

Axial loading

Compression between T12 and L2

Distraction

Combination of distraction/rotation or compression/flexion

28
Q

What is a hyperflexion injury?

A

Movement of the flexor muscle beyond its normal limit

29
Q

What is a compression injury?

A

It is a type of crushing injury

30
Q

What is a hyperextension injury?

A

The movement or extension of joints, tendons or muscles beyond the normal limit or range of motion

31
Q

What may cause a spinal column injury? (4)

A

Movement of vertebrae from normal position

Subluxation or dislocation

Fractures

Ruptured intervertebral discs

32
Q

What are the three main fractures that can occur in the spinal column? And what are the different properties?

A

Spinous process and transverse process (where back muscles and ligaments attach)

Pedicle and laminae (pedicle is a stub of bone that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch)

Vertebral body (thick oval segment of bone forming front of vertebra aka centrum)

33
Q

What are two main causes of lacerations in the spinal cord?

A

Bony fragments driven into the vertebral foramen (centre whole of spine)

Cord may be stretched to point of tearing

34
Q

What indicates a haemorrhage in the spinal cord?

A

Swelling and disruption of impulses

35
Q

When would a haemorrhage be suspected? (3)

A

Associated with contusion, laceration or stretching

36
Q

What is considered primary cord injury?

A

Cord is cut, torn, crushed, or loses blood supply

Damage is immediate and irreversible

37
Q

What is considered secondary cord injury?

A

Hypoxia, swelling, hypotension, compression from bleeding or swelling around the cord

Develops after primary cord injury

Good patient care will limit secondary injury

38
Q

What are the general signs and symptoms of spinal cord injuries?

A

Paralysis

Pain with and without movement

Tenderness along spine

Impaired breathing

Spinal deformity

Priapism (condition where penis remains erect for hours in absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended)

Posturing

Loss of bowel or bladder control

Nerve impairment to extremities

39
Q

What are the two types of haemorrhage?

A

Internal and external

40
Q

What are some symptoms of internal bleeding?

A

Dizziness

Severe weakness

Passing out

Low BP

Acute visual problems

Numbness

Weakness on one side of the body

Severe headache

Severe abdo pain

Shortness of breath

Chest pain

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

41
Q

What are some symptoms of shock?

A

Rapid heart rate

Low BP

Sweaty skin

Changes in overall alertness, including increase in sleepiness

Overall weakness

42
Q

What can be some general causes of internal bleeding?

A

Damage to blood vessels (minor tears with an injury)

Lack of clotting factors

Certain medications (e.g. blood thinners)

Chronic high BP

Inherited bleeding disorder (e.g.haemophilia)

Gastrointestinal causes

Lifestyle factors

Trauma

Aneurysms

Broken bones

Ectopic pregnancy

Surgery

43
Q

What are the three types of external bleeding?

A

Capillary bleeding
Venous bleeding
Arterial bleeding

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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