Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards
What two systems is involved in internal communication?
Endocrine system and nervous system
What is the endocrine system located and what does it do? (4)
It is located in different parts of the body
Secretes hormones (chemical messengers)
Hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream
Hormones target cells and tissues
Slower than nerves
What is the nervous in control of? (3)
Communication and controlling system
Coordinates activities and actions of individual body systems
Faster than the endocrine system
What do the nervous system and endocrine system have in common?
Both maintain homeostasis
What are the three principles of the nervous system?
Receive
Convey
Integrate
How does the nervous system receive input?
It revived stimuli from outside and inside of the body
Analyses this info
Coordinates an appropriate response
How does the nervous system convey information?
Conveys impulses from the brain
Stimulates or depresses activity in muscles, glands or other tissues
How does the nervous system integrate information?
Integrates the many different functions carried out by individual organs, tissues and cells
What is the nervous system split into?
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
How does the CNS send information to the PNS?
Using efferent neurons (motor)
How does the PNS send impulses to CNS?
Using afferent neurons (sensory)
What is the brain split into?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
What is the exocrine system?
Releases enzymes into ducts
What are the three meninges of the brain?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is in-between the meninges of the brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the brain stem split into?
Midbrain
Pons Variolli
Medulla Oblongata
What is the autonomic nervous system split into?
Parasympathetic NS
Sympathetic NS
What is the sympathetic NS responsible for?
Fight or flight response
What is the parasympathetic NS responsible for?
Relaxation
What is the Peripheral NS split into?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
What is the somatic NS responsible for?
Voluntary actions
What is the role of a neurone?
Conduct nerve impulses
What is the role of neuroglia?
It is a unique connective tissue that supports neurones
What is a dendrite and its role?
An extension of the cell body
Forms white matter of the NS
What is the cell body and where is it found?
Found in the periphery of the brain and in the centre if the spinal cord
Forms grey matter of the nervous system
What forms the grey matter in the NS?
Cell body of the neurones
What forms the white matter of the NS?
Dendrites of the neurones
What are terminal boutons on a neuron?
They are neurotransmitters at the of a neuron which transfer the electrical impulse from one neuron to the next
What is a myelinated neuron and how and what is it formed of?
Formed of peripheral nerves
Concentric layers of Schwann cell plasma membrane wrapped around the axon and between the layers is myelin
What is the purpose of myelin?
Insulate the axon
What is the role of the Nodes of Ranvier?
Assist rapid transmission of nerve impulses
Assists in Saltatory conduction where the impulse jumps along the gaps between the myelin allowing faster transmission
What happens at the terminal bouton in relation to the electrical impulse?
Changes from electrical to chemical impulse
Why does the impulse change from electrical to chemical at the terminal bouton?
Because the nerves do not come into contact and therefore electricity cannot be passed from one neurone to the next
What are neurotransmitters made by?
Nerve cells
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
At the terminal boutons of a neurone
What is the name of the most abundant neurotransmitter in the body?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Where is Ach found?
In the CNS and the PNS
What are the two main functions of the Ach neurotransmitter?
Stimulates muscle contractions
Memory and cognition
What is a nerve?
Numerous neurones that are bundled together
What is the role of an afferent nerve?
Sensory
Carry information from the body to the spinal cord
Can be automatic
What is the role of an efferent nerve?
Motor
Originates in the brain and spinal cord
Transmits impulses to effector organs: muscles and glands
What are the four types of neuroglia?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microgli
Where do cranial nerves originate from?
Nuclei within the brain
How is the cranial nerves ordered?
Using roman numerals according to the order they connect to the brain, starting anteriorly
What is the name of the 10th cranial nerve?
Vagus Nerve
How is the spinal nerves named and split?
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
