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Anatomy and Physiology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system? (6)

A

Structure/frame

Provides attachment for muscles and tendon

Movement at joints

Protection of organs

Haemopoiesis (production of RBCs)

Minerals storage

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of bone?

A 
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
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3
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

A bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. It tends to be found where a tendon goes over a joint. Like in the hand for instance.

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4
Q

What are is the most common example of sesamoid bones in the body?

A

Patella in the knee

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5
Q

What are some examples of long bones in the body?

A 
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna of the arm
Phalanges of the fingers and toes
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6
Q

What are some examples of locations of short bones?

A

Carpals in the wrist (eight bones that connect the hand to the forearm and make up the wrist)

Tarsals in the ankles (seven bones in the foot located between the lower end of the tibia and fibula of the lower leg, and the metatarsus)

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7
Q

Where is irregular bones in the body located?

A

Spine

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8
Q

What are the key characteristics of irregular bones?

A

They are thin layers of compact bone with a spongy bone of the inside.

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9
Q

What is the purpose do irregular bones?

A

Protects the spinal cord maintaining pharynx and trachea support

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10
Q

How many irregular bones are found in the spine?

A

33

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11
Q

What are the names of some of the irregular bones in the spine?

A 
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Zygomatic 
Maxilla
Mandible
Palatine
Inferior nasal concha
Hyoid bone
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12
Q

What are some examples of flat bones in the body?

A 
Cranial bones (skull)
Ribs
Sternum (breastbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Pelvic bone
Ilium (hip bone)
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13
Q

What is the structure of long bones? (7)

A

The top and bottom of the bone is known as the epiphysis.

It has a long region in between the epiphysis called the diaphysis which is also known as the shaft.

It has cancellous bone which contains red bone marrow

It has a medullary canal which contains yellow bone marrow

The bone is compact

There is a nutrient artery in the foramen

Has an articular in the bottom region containing hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What is the yellow bone marrow for?

A

Storage of fats in cells called adipocytes. It also contains stem cells that can develop into bone, fat, cartilage or muscle cells.

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15
Q

What is the red bone marrow for?

A

It is part of the lymphatic system which generates lymphocytes from immature haematopoietic progenitor cells (stem cells).

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16
Q

What is the structure of short/regular/fat/sesamoid bones?

A

Thin outer layer of compact bone

Cancellous sponges bone inside containing red bone marrow

Enclosed by periosteum, except the inner layer of the cranial bones which is the dura mater

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17
Q

What is periosteum?

A

It is a membrane that covers the outer surface of the bones, except at the joints of long bones.

18
Q

What lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones?

A

Endosteum

19
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

20
Q

What are osteoblasts responsible for? (2)

A

Bone forming

Secretion of collagen

21
Q

Where is osteoblasts located?

A

In the deeper layers of the periosteum, at ossification centres in immature bones, fracture sites, ends of diaphysis adjacent, to epiphysis cartilages of long bones.

22
Q

What is ossification?

A

The formation of bone (hardening)

23
Q

What is epiphyseal cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage composed mostly of collagen

24
Q

Where is epiphyseal cartilage located?

A

Nose
Voicebox
Long bones

25
Q

What are osteoblasts? (3)

A

Mature bone cells

Osteoblasts trapped inside new bone, causing bone formation to stop now called osteocytes

Monitors and maintains bone structure

26
Q

What are osteoclasts responsible for?

A

Reabsorb of bone to maintain optimum shape

Takes place at bone surface

27
Q

What helps maintain normal bone structure and function?

A

A balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

28
Q

What is the percentage body bone mass of compact bone?

A

80%

29
Q

What is the purpose of compact bone?

A

Provides strength

30
Q

What does a spongy bone look like?

A

Honeycomb

31
Q

What are the two skeletons called?

A

Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

32
Q

What is contained in the axial skeleton?

A

Head
Chest
Spine

33
Q

What is contained in the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Arms 
Legs
Fingers
Toes
Pelvis
34
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrinous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

35
Q

Name some synovial joints: (6)

A 
Ball and socket
Hinge
Gliding 
Pivot 
Condyloid
Saddle
36
Q

What is the purpose of tendons?

A

Attach muscle to bone

37
Q

What do the purpose of ligaments?

A

Attached bone to bone

38
Q

What are key characteristics of skeletal muscle? (5)

A 
Voluntary muscle
Attached to bone by tendons 
Striated (stripy)
Lots of muscle fibres 
Works with nervous system
39
Q

When do contractions of skeletal muscle occur?

A

Due to coordinated movement of the fibres

40
Q

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle? (8)

A 
Epimysium
Perimysium
Blood vessel
Muscle fibre
Fascicle
Endomysium
Tendon 
Bone

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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