Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What are the main functions of the skeletal system? (6)
Structure/frame
Provides attachment for muscles and tendon
Movement at joints
Protection of organs
Haemopoiesis (production of RBCs)
Minerals storage
What are the 5 types of bone?
Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. It tends to be found where a tendon goes over a joint. Like in the hand for instance.
What are is the most common example of sesamoid bones in the body?
Patella in the knee
What are some examples of long bones in the body?
Femur Tibia Fibula Humerus Radius Ulna of the arm Phalanges of the fingers and toes
What are some examples of locations of short bones?
Carpals in the wrist (eight bones that connect the hand to the forearm and make up the wrist)
Tarsals in the ankles (seven bones in the foot located between the lower end of the tibia and fibula of the lower leg, and the metatarsus)
Where is irregular bones in the body located?
Spine
What are the key characteristics of irregular bones?
They are thin layers of compact bone with a spongy bone of the inside.
What is the purpose do irregular bones?
Protects the spinal cord maintaining pharynx and trachea support
How many irregular bones are found in the spine?
33
What are the names of some of the irregular bones in the spine?
Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid Zygomatic Maxilla Mandible Palatine Inferior nasal concha Hyoid bone
What are some examples of flat bones in the body?
Cranial bones (skull) Ribs Sternum (breastbone) Scapula (shoulder blade) Pelvic bone Ilium (hip bone)
What is the structure of long bones? (7)
The top and bottom of the bone is known as the epiphysis.
It has a long region in between the epiphysis called the diaphysis which is also known as the shaft.
It has cancellous bone which contains red bone marrow
It has a medullary canal which contains yellow bone marrow
The bone is compact
There is a nutrient artery in the foramen
Has an articular in the bottom region containing hyaline cartilage
What is the yellow bone marrow for?
Storage of fats in cells called adipocytes. It also contains stem cells that can develop into bone, fat, cartilage or muscle cells.
What is the red bone marrow for?
It is part of the lymphatic system which generates lymphocytes from immature haematopoietic progenitor cells (stem cells).
What is the structure of short/regular/fat/sesamoid bones?
Thin outer layer of compact bone
Cancellous sponges bone inside containing red bone marrow
Enclosed by periosteum, except the inner layer of the cranial bones which is the dura mater
What is periosteum?
It is a membrane that covers the outer surface of the bones, except at the joints of long bones.
What lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones?
Endosteum
What are the three types of bone cells?
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
What are osteoblasts responsible for? (2)
Bone forming
Secretion of collagen
Where is osteoblasts located?
In the deeper layers of the periosteum, at ossification centres in immature bones, fracture sites, ends of diaphysis adjacent, to epiphysis cartilages of long bones.
What is ossification?
The formation of bone (hardening)
What is epiphyseal cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage composed mostly of collagen
Where is epiphyseal cartilage located?
Nose
Voicebox
Long bones
What are osteoblasts? (3)
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts trapped inside new bone, causing bone formation to stop now called osteocytes
Monitors and maintains bone structure
What are osteoclasts responsible for?
Reabsorb of bone to maintain optimum shape
Takes place at bone surface
What helps maintain normal bone structure and function?
A balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What is the percentage body bone mass of compact bone?
80%
What is the purpose of compact bone?
Provides strength
What does a spongy bone look like?
Honeycomb
What are the two skeletons called?
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
What is contained in the axial skeleton?
Head
Chest
Spine
What is contained in the appendicular skeleton?
Arms Legs Fingers Toes Pelvis
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrinous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Name some synovial joints: (6)
Ball and socket Hinge Gliding Pivot Condyloid Saddle
What is the purpose of tendons?
Attach muscle to bone
What do the purpose of ligaments?
Attached bone to bone
What are key characteristics of skeletal muscle? (5)
Voluntary muscle Attached to bone by tendons Striated (stripy) Lots of muscle fibres Works with nervous system
When do contractions of skeletal muscle occur?
Due to coordinated movement of the fibres
What is the structure of a skeletal muscle? (8)
Epimysium Perimysium Blood vessel Muscle fibre Fascicle Endomysium Tendon Bone
