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Clinical pathology > Renal pathology > Flashcards

Renal pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Acute renal failure causes

A
  • reduced blood flow to kidney
  • Severe dehydration
  • Hypotension
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2
Q

Acute renal failure clinical presentation

A
  • Malaise
  • fatigue
  • nausea
  • electrolyte imbalance
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3
Q

Acute renal failure complications

A
  • cardiac failure due to fluid overload
  • arrhythmia due to electrolyte imbalance
  • GI bleeding
  • Jaundice and infections
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4
Q

Chronic renal failure

A
  • Permanently reduced GFR, reduced number of functional nephrons
  • Severe scarring with loss of glomeruli and tubules
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5
Q

Chronic renal failure presentation

A
  • Reduced excretion of water - oedema and hypertension
  • Reduced excretion of toxic metabolites - poisoning
  • Reduced production of EPO - anaemia
  • renal bone disease
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6
Q

Functions of the kidney

A
  • Regulates BP
  • balance water+electrolytes
  • Production if renin + EPO
  • Filters toxins and wastes
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7
Q

Renal artery stenosis

A
  • due to atherosclerosis
  • Results in ischaemia of affected kidney
  • Leads to activation of RAAS = hypertension
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8
Q

What systemic diseases cause kidney disease

A
  • Vasculitis
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Myeloma
  • Amyloidosis
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9
Q

Hypertensive nephropathy

A
  • Granular surface with scattered petechial haemorrhages
  • Fibrosis of arcuate sized artery
  • resembles flea-bitten surface
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10
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A
  • Most common cause of end stage renal disease
  • hyperglycaemia damages glomerular basement membrane - thickens
  • Production of excess extracellular matrix
  • Ischaemia
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11
Q

Light chain cast nephropathy (myeloma kidney) pathology

A

Cytotoxic and obstructive accumulation of monoclonal light chain casts in distal nephron segments which can trigger tubular atrophy and surrounding interstitial inflammation and fibrosis = renal failure.

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12
Q

Light chain cast nephropathy (myeloma kidney) charateristics

A
  • LLCN has 30-50% incidence among patients with multiple myeloma
  • fractured tubular cast with straight edges
  • scattered inflammatory cells with plasma cells present
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13
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A
  • Always due to pathology to glomerulus
  • Proteinuria of more than 3.5g/24hrs
  • increased glomerular permeability to albumin and other plasma proteins
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14
Q

Nephrotic syndrome causes

A
  • Membranous nephropathy
  • Idiopathic glomerular disorder
  • Autoantibodies attack PLA2R
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15
Q

Nephrotic syndrome symptoms

A
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Oedema
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Lipiduria
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16
Q

Nephrotic syndrome complications

A
  • Thromboembolism
  • Infection - sepsis, peritonitis
  • Anaemia
17
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A
  • Loss of function due to decreased glomerular blood flow and salt retention
18
Q

Nephritic syndrome symptoms

A
  • Haematuria, proteinuria
  • Elevated creatinine
  • Hypertension
  • Oedema
19
Q

Nephritic syndrome common causes

A
  • Post infectious glomerulonephritis

- IgA nephropathy

20
Q

PIGN = post-infectious glomerulonephritis

A
  • Neutrophils infiltrate glomerular capillary loop

- Cause injury by digesting the GBM

21
Q

IgA nephropathy

A
  • Most common cause of glomerulonephritis

- dominant or co-dominant IgA deposits in mesangium

22
Q

Vasculitis: ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis

A
  • Focal necrosis and crescent (two or more layers of proliferating cells in Bowman’s space)
23
Q

Haematuria

A
  • Manifestation of subtle or mild glomerular abnormalities
  • Normal renal function
  • Blood in the urine
24
Q

Haematuria causes

A

Nephrological:

  • IgA nephropathy
  • thin basement membrane
  • Alport’s disease - abnormality of type 4 collagen
25
Q

Interstitial nephritis + symptoms

A
  • Inflammation in between kidney tubules
  • Acute or chronic
  • Symptoms = fever and flank tenderness
26
Q

Interstitial nephritis causes

A

Acute - Diabetes, Female ascending infections

Chronic - Urinary tract obstruction, reflux

27
Q

Interstitial nephritis complications

A
  • Acute - Abscess formation

- Chronic - Scarring, chronic renal failure

28
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A
  • Inherited kidney disease
  • clusters of cysts develop primarily within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose function over time
  • Cysts can spread to liver

Clinical pathology (69 decks)

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