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Clinical pathology > Male Urogenital pathology > Flashcards

Male Urogenital pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A
  • Increased number of both stromal and glandular cells in the prostate
  • Enlarged prostate
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2
Q

Epidemiology of BPH

A
  • Old men (70% by aged 60)

- Obesity, diabetes

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3
Q

Aetiology of BPH

A
  • Hormone mediated

- Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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4
Q

Pathogenesis of BPH

A
  • Compression of the urethra obstruction of bladder outlet…
  • Urinary stasis = infection and stones
  • Acute urinary retention
    Back pressure = renal damage
  • Bladder muscular hypertrophy (need to strain)
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5
Q

Clinical features of BPH

A
  • Lower urinary tract symptoms - poor stream, straining, nocturia, dribbling
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6
Q

Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Cancer of the glandular epithelium in the prostate
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7
Q

Epidemiology of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Old men, black men
  • Family history
  • Pesticide exposure
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8
Q

Aetiology of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Obesity, pesticides

- Inherited genetic mutations = BRCA 1/2

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9
Q

Clinical features of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Lower Urinary tract symptoms

- Bone mets = bone pain

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10
Q

Cryptorchidism

A
  • Undescended testis - not in scrotum
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11
Q

Epidemiology of Cryptorchidism

A
  • Premature babies
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12
Q

Aetiology of Cryptorchidism

A
  • Multifactorial - different syndromes and environmental factors
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13
Q

Clinical features of Cryptorchidism

A
  • Empty scrotum (10% bilateral)
  • May resolve spontaneously
  • Can cause Infertility, hernias, testicular cancer risk and testicular torsion
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14
Q

Seminoma

A
  • Malignant neoplasm of the testis - arising from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules
  • Most common type of testicular cancer
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15
Q

Classification of Testicular cancers

A
  • Germ or non germ cell
  • Germ = seminoma or non-seminomatous
  • Non germ = sex cord stromal tumours or Lymphoma
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16
Q

Prognosis of Testicular cancers

A

Bad prognosis = non-seminomatous + lymphomas

Good prognosis = Seminoma + Sex cord stromal

17
Q

Epidemiology of seminoma

A
  • Young men 25-45

- Cryptorchidism

18
Q

Aetiology of Seminoma

A
  • Gene mutations = KIT

- Cryptorchidism

19
Q

Clinical features of Seminoma

A
  • Testicular lump, swelling, pain

- Gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue)

20
Q

Obstructive lesion presentation

A
  • Complete ob = Anuria (kidneys cannot produce urine), pain

Clinical pathology (69 decks)

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