Clinical infections - Childhood and pregnancy Flashcards
1
Q
TORCH
A
- Infections that can cause congenital abnormalities
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other: Syphilis, zika, VZV, parvovirus 19
- Rubella
- CMV
- Herpes simplex/HIV
2
Q
Infections acquired during passage through the birth canal =
A
Group B streps, herpex simplex, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, HIV, Hep B
3
Q
Group B streps (GBS)
A
- Cause severe infections in pregnancy
- Women treated with prophylaxis if:
- Previous baby with B strep (GBS) disease
- GBS in current pregnancy
- Women who are pyrexial in labour – offer broad spectrum antibiotics including antibiotic for prevention of neonatal early onset GBS disease
4
Q
Zika virus
A
- Mosquito or sexually transmitted
- New-born microcephaly and other congenital deformities
5
Q
Intra-Amniotic Infections
A
- Infections of the chorion, amnion, amniotic fluid, placenta or combo
- Bacteria of the vagina ascend through cervix
- Causative organisms = GBS, E.coli
- Treatment = Anti-microbial at time of diagnosis
6
Q
Puerperal Endometritis definition
A
Infection of uterus during puerperium (6 week period after delivery) – can develop into puerperal sepsis which is a major cause of maternal death
7
Q
Puerperal Endometritis features
A
- ~5% of pregnancies
- Risk factors = C section, prolonged labour, rupture of membranes
- Symptoms = fever, foul-smelling lochia, abdominal pain
- Causative organisms = GBS, GAS, E.coli
- Diagnosed by transvaginal endometrial swab
- Treatment = broad spectrum IV antibiotics
8
Q
Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis (EOS)
A
- Develops within 72 hours of delivery – infection from mother via vertical transmission
- High mortality rates - death in 1 in 4 babies
- Typically present with multisystem involvement and pneumonia
- Causative organisms = mostly GBS
9
Q
Late Onset Neonatal Sepsis (LOS)
A
- Develops after 72 hours of delivery – usually babies are low weight, premature and are susceptible to HCAI
- Causative organisms = usually staphs
- These babies more likely to have candida infections so are sometimes started on antifungal prophylaxis
10
Q
URTI’s in children
A
- Common cold
- Tonsillitis - 75% viral, 25% streps
- Acute otitis media
11
Q
LRTI’s in children
A
- Pneumonia - grunting tachypnoea
- Acute bronchitis
- Bronchiolitis - RSV major cause
- Causative organisms = RSV, Influenza A+B, S.pneumoniae
12
Q
Pertussis (whooping cough)
A
- Affects children before vaccination
- 3 stages:
Catarrhal phase (7-10 days) = cold-like symptoms
Paroxysmal phase (2-6 weeks) = no fever, characteristic whooping cough
Convalescent phase (few weeks) = recovery
13
Q
Meningitis
A
- GBS most common cause in neonates
- Diagnosis - polymorphs predominant in CSF
- Non specific + specific symptoms
14
Q
Viral meningitis
A
- Most common infection of CNS in <1yr
- Causative organisms = enteroviruses are most common – 50%. Others = HSV, influenza, EBV, adenovirus, CMV
- Diagnosis = mononuclear lymphocytes present in CSF
15
Q
Meningococcaemia
A
- Neisseria meningitidis in the bloodstream
- macropapular or petechial rash
- peak incidence <5 years
- mortality 5-10%, morbidity 10%
- Immunisation programme for Men C and B – Men B commonest cause
