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Clinical pathology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite

A

An organism which lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense

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2
Q

What is symbiosis

A

Living together, long term interaction between the 2 species

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

an association in which both species benefit

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

association in which the parasite benefits and the host suffers some injury

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5
Q

Commensalism

A

An association in which the parasite only is benefiting without harming the host

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6
Q

Definitive host

A

Haarbours the adult stage of the parasite or where parasite sexually reproduces

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7
Q

Reservoir host

A

An species infected by a parasite which serves as a source of infection for other species

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8
Q

Intermediate host

A

Harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite

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9
Q

Paratenic host

A

Host where the parasite remains viable without further development

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10
Q

Protozoa

A

Single celled organisms - can be free living or parasitic in nature and multiply in humans

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11
Q

What are the 4 categories of phylum protozoa + examples

A
  • Flagellates - Giardia
  • Amoeboids - Entamoeba
  • Sporozoans - Malaria, cytposopridia
  • Trypanosomes - Trypanosoma, Leishmaniasis
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12
Q

What are the 3 classifications of parasite

A

Phylum protozoa
Helminths
Ectoparasites (anthropods)

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13
Q

Helminths

A

Large multicellular organisms - adults visible by eye - adults cannot multiply in humans

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14
Q

What are the 2 categories of helminths

A
  • Platyhelminth (flatworms)

- Nematodes (round worms)

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15
Q

Categories and examples of flatworms

A
  • Cestodes (tapeworms) - Taenia sp

- Trematodes (flukes) - Schistosoma sp

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16
Q

Categories and examples of ring worms

A

Intestinal nematodes - Ascaris lumbricoides

Tissue nematodes - Wuchereria bancrofti

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17
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Broadly include blood sucking anthropods and those that burrow into skin

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18
Q

Examples of ectoparasites

A

Insects - Anopheles (mosquito)
Lice - Pediculus humaus capitus
Mites - Scabies sp
Arachnids (ticks) - Argasids

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19
Q

What types of life cycle can a parasite have

A

Direct
Simple indirect
Complex indirect

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20
Q

Ascariasis - Parasite + transmission

A

Macroparasite - INTESTINAL NEMATODE - Ascaris lumbricoides

- Acquired by ingestion of eggs

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21
Q

Ascariasis Life cycle

A
  • Formed in human intestine and secreted in faces

- Egg is fertilized in nature and reingested in food

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22
Q

Ascariasis clinical features

A

Lung migration = Loefflers syndrome - haemoptysis, dry cough

Intestinal phase - Malnutrition, malabsorption, Intestinal obstruction (worms)

23
Q

Ascariasis treatment

A
  • Albendazole prevents glucose absorption by worm so it starves
24
Q

Schistosomiasis sp.

A

Macroparasite - Helminth - PLATYHELMINTH - fluke - Schistosoma

25
Q

Life cycle of schistosoma

A
  • Eggs that hatch infect snails
  • Snails are the intermediate host and infect humans by penetrating skin
  • Schistosomulae is formed which develops
26
Q

Schistosomiasis clinical

A
  • Katayama syndrome
  • Chronic schistosomiasis
  • Bladder fibrosis and dysfunction (Urinary)
  • Liver cirrhosis, Abdo pain, Portal hypertension
27
Q

Schistosomiasis- Treatment

A
  • Praziquantel - increased ionic permeability, tetanic contraction, detachment, death.
28
Q

Hydatid disease

A

Macroparasite - PLATYHELMINTH - Tapeworm - Echinococcus sp.

29
Q

Hydatid disease- Life cycle

A
  • Formed in small intestine and embryonic egg secreted in faeces.
  • Hyatid cyst in organs
  • Scolex attatches to intestine
  • Usual host is sheep, dog - human can be accidental
30
Q

Hydatid disease- Clinical

A
  • Cysts 70% liver, 20% lungs
  • Mass effect
  • Secondary bacterial infection
  • Potential cyst rupture
31
Q

Hydatid disease treatment

A
  • Albendazole + praziqantel for daughter cysts
32
Q

Malaria

A

Microparasite - Protozoa - sprozan - caused by specied of PLASMODIUM

33
Q

Strongyloidiasis life cycle

A
  • Rhabditiform larvae in intestine are excreted
  • Develop into infective filariform
  • Penetrate skin and migrate to small intestine
  • Adult worm in intestine deposits eggs
34
Q

Strongyloidiasis clinical

A
  • Strongyloidiasis hyper infection syndrome mortality 90%
35
Q

Strongyloidiasis parasite

A

Strongyloides - roundworm

36
Q

Strongyloides Treatment

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Albendazole
  • Stop or reduce immunosuppressive therapy
37
Q

Malaria life cycle - mosquito

A
  • Mosquito take blood whilst injecting sporozoites
  • Sporozoites infect liver cell
  • Erythrocytic cycle forms gametocytes
  • Gametocytes ingested by mosquito
38
Q

Malaria- Clinical

A
  • rupture red blood cells, block capillaries
  • fever and rigors
  • Cerebral malaria
  • Renal failure
39
Q

What are the different lengths of Erythrocytic cycle

A

P.knowlesi = 24 hours
P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale = 48 hours
P.malariae = 72 hours

40
Q

Returning traveller + fever =?

A

Malaria! until proven otherwise

41
Q

Falciparum Malaria-Treatment

A

Antimalarials - co-artem

IV artesunate - haemolysis may occur so Hb levels should be checked

42
Q

Non-Falciparum Malaria treatment

A
  • Oral chlorquine

- Vivax and Ovale need Primaquine 14 days to treat Liver form

43
Q

Cryptosporidiosis parasite

A
  • Caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis - microparasite - SPOROZOAN - PROTOZOA
44
Q

Cryptosporidiosis life cycle

A
  • Oocyte exits host
  • Contamination of food and water with oocyte
  • Oocyte ingested by host
45
Q

Cryptosporidiosis- clinical

A
  • Watery diarrhoea (no blood)

- Bloating, cramps, nausea

46
Q

Cryptosporidiosis- treatment

A
  • Rehydration, Nitazoxanide
    For immunocompromised:
  • Paromomycin, Nitazoxanide, Octreotide
47
Q

Trichomoniasis parasite

A

Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis - FLAGELLATED protozoan

48
Q

Trichomoniasis - clinical

A

Men - asymptomatic

Women - Smelly vaginal discharge, haemorrhages on cervix, dysuria

49
Q

Trichomania life cycle

A
  • Trophozoite in vaginal secretion
  • Multiplies and infects vagina and urethra
  • Transmitted by sex
50
Q

Trichomoniasis treatment

A
  • Metronidazole single dose
51
Q

Giardiasis parasite

A

Caused by Flagellated protozoan - GIARDIA DUODENALIS

52
Q

Giardiasis life cycle

A
  • Infective cysts excreted, contaminate water and food

- Contaminated contents is ingested

53
Q

Giardiasis treatment

A

Metronidazole/tinidazole

- No vaccine available

Clinical pathology (69 decks)

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