renal

Question 1

does calcium gluconate have an effect on potassium levels

Answer 1

no it stabilises the myocardium to prevent arrhythmias

Question 2

what can rupture of cystic kidney cause

Answer 2

subarachnoid haemorrhage
- remember associated with berry aneurysm

Question 3

management of nephrogenic diabetes inspidus

Answer 3

chlorothiazide

Question 4

anaemia in CKD what is order of management

Answer 4

give them oral iron then start erythropoietin replacement

Question 5

what can anti glomerulus basement membrane disease be triggered by in men

Answer 5

upper respiratory tract infection

Question 6

calcium levels in patient with chronic kidney disease

Answer 6

hypocalcaemia

Question 7

calcium levels in patient with myeloma

Answer 7

hypercalcaemia

Question 8

most common viral infection following solid organ transplant

Answer 8

cytomegalovirus

Question 9

size of kidneys in chronic kidney disease

Answer 9

small

Question 10

urea levels in dehydration

Answer 10

elevated

Question 11

anion gap in diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 11

high

Question 12

what does high phosphate levels do to calcium

Answer 12

drag it from the bones causing osteomalacia

give alendronic acid

Question 13

causes of metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

Answer 13

ABCD
- Addisons
- bicarb loss
- chloride
- drugs

Question 14

what is given to reduce serum potassium and why

Answer 14

insulin with dextrose

insulin causes increase uptake of potassium into intracellular compartment

Question 15

what are the eGFR variables

Answer 15

CAGE
- creatinine
- age
- gender
- ethnicity

Question 16

results of an acute graft failure

Answer 16

• pyuria (leukocytes)
• proteinuria
• rising creatinine

Question 17

visible haematuria following an URTI suggestive of

Answer 17

IgA nephropathy

Question 18

medication to reduce phosphate levels in patient with CKD

Answer 18

sevelamer

Question 19

what is a type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 19

hypoxia without hypercapnia

Question 20

what is a stag horn calcus

Answer 20

magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)

Question 21

blood test of haemolytic uraemia syndrome

Answer 21

thrombocytopenia

Question 22

how do ace inhibitor help in kidney disease

Answer 22

decrease proteinuria

Question 23

what is seen in biopsy of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Answer 23

crescent formation

Question 24

common infections caused by catheters

Answer 24

ecoli
proteus mirabilis

Question 25

biopsy of membranous nephropathy

Answer 25

thickened basement membrane

Question 26

how does alcohol affect ADH

Answer 26

it causes ADH suppression in posterior pituitary leading to polyuria

Question 27

management of ascites

Answer 27

spironolactone

Question 28

hyaline casts can be seen in patients who are taking what medications

Answer 28

furosemide - loop diuretic

Question 29

drugs to stop in AKI

Answer 29

DAMN - diuretics - aminoglycosides, ACEi - metformin - NSAIDs

Question 30

what is used to replace vitamin D in end stage renal disease

Answer 30

alfacalcidol

Question 31

management of proteinuria in CKD

Answer 31

ACE inhibitor

Question 32

what is the criteria for diagnosis of hyperkalaemia

Answer 32

K+ >6.5 mmol/l or ECG changes

Question 33

what glomerulonephritis can be caused by HIV

Answer 33

focal segmental

Question 34

what cancer are patients who have had an organ transplant at risk of

Answer 34

squamous cell carcinoma due to the long term use of immunosuppressants

Question 35

haemoptysis + haematuria

Answer 35

anti-glomerular basement membrane disease - good pastures

Question 36

medication to reduce disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Answer 36

tolvaptan

Question 37

psychiatric patient with polyuria and polydypsia what is most likely underlying problem

Answer 37

lithium

Question 38

management of haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Answer 38

only supportive treatment e.g. fluids and dialysis

Question 39

how to monitor henoch schonlein purpura

Answer 39

blood pressure and urinalysis

Question 40

most common cause of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis

Answer 40

staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 41

acid base distirubance in someone with diarrhoea

Answer 41

normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

Question 42

thyroxine levels in nephrotic syndrome

Answer 42

low

Question 43

patient with CKD presenting with greyish brown tinge what metabolite is most likely contributing to this

Answer 43

urea - nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizure - uraemic tinge

Question 44

side effect of peritoneal dialysis

Answer 44

peritonitis

Question 45

patient on peritoneal dialysis presents with abdominal pain, fever and cloudy dialysis bag

Answer 45

peritonitis

Question 46

most common cause of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections

Answer 46

ecoli

Question 47

C3 levels in post strep glomerulonephritis

Answer 47

reduced

Question 48

name of at home dialysis

Answer 48

peritoneal dialysis

Question 49

painless intermittent haematruia in a male smoker is suggestive of

Answer 49

transition cell carcinoma of the bladder

Question 50

investigation of choice in bladder cancer

Answer 50

cystoscopy

Question 51

what is chronic ketamine use associated with

Answer 51

ketamine cystitis - bladder wall thickening and contracted bladder

Question 52

what can occur after an acute episode of urinary retention and what test would you do

Answer 52

AKI - check serum creatinine