Remaining Material

Question 1

What are the four phases of the estrous cycle and their definitions

Answer 1

1. Proestrus- period of follicle growth/estrogen production triggers estrus
2. Estrus- period female receptive to male/ surge in LH which causes ovulation after ovulation no more estrogen produced and no longer receptive
3. Metestrus- formation of corpus luteum/ progesterone produced/ uterus readied for fertilized egg
4. Diestrus- full functional CL/high progesterone/ FSH &LH suppressed/ at end CL regresses progesterone goes down and cycle restarts unless prego gestation begins

Question 2

What are the environmental influences on reproduction

Answer 2

Body condition (fat)

Nutrition

Stress decreases fertility

Day length (seasonal breeders)

Question 3

________________ is the increasing energy prior to breeding and increases ovulation rate

Answer 3

Flushing

Question 4

Name long day breeders

Name short day breeders

Answer 4

L- horses

S- sheep, deer, elk, goats

Question 5

What are reproductive behavior males perform

Bull

Ram

Boar

Stallion

Answer 5

Bull: sniffing flehmen response, chin resting, penile protrusion, attempted mounts

Ram: outstretched neck, sniffing, flehmen, penile protrusion

Boar: nuzzling, grinding teeth, foams at mouth, penile portrrusion, attempted mounts

Stallion: flehmen, high degree of excitement, penile portursion

Question 6

What does the flehmen response do

Answer 6

Increases passage of air

Question 7

What do females do for reproductive behavior

Cow

Mare

Ewe

Sow

Answer 7

Cow: increased locomotion and vocalization, grouping, chin resting, standing to be mounted

Mare: increased locomotion and tail flagging, urination, presents hindquarters to male, stands

Ewe: restlessness, urination, immobile stance

Sow: restlessness, immobile stance

Question 8

Copulatory behavior where is semen deposited
Cattle

Sheep

Swine

Horses

Answer 8

Cattle: vagina unless AI then __________

Sheep: vagina/cervix

Swine: cervix/ uterus

Horses: cervix/ uterus

Question 9

What is the period of time from conception until parturition? How many days in 
Cows
Ewe
Sow
Mare

Answer 9

Gestation

Cow=283
Ewe=

Question 10

What is a free Martin a result from

Why is this

Answer 10

A female born co-twin to a male

Make system develops earlier and the joining of placental blood systems.

Question 11

In the exchange of primitive blood cells of the placenta of a freemartin, exposure to what hormone comes from the male

Answer 11

Androgens and Miller Ian in mullerian inhibitory hormone (MIH)

Question 12

The following are signs of what

Distended abdomen
Mammary development and milk secretion
Swollen vulva and relaxed pelvic ligaments
Muccos discharge
Restlessness and separation from her
Active labor

Answer 12

Parturition

Question 13

What is the typical number of offspring a 
Cow
Ewe
Sow
Mare

Answer 13

Cow: 1
Ewe: 1-3
Sow: 6-14
Mare: 1

Question 14

What is normal fetal presentation for a calf lamb and foal

Pig

Answer 14

The 3: front feet and head first

Pig: head first and front feet back (60%) or back feet first (40%)

Presentation for pigs is not as important to ease of delivery

Question 15

What is difficulty in expelling the fetus

What is it mainly caused by

Answer 15

Dystocia

Mainly: abnormal presentation/ oversized fetus

Undersized pelvic opening
Weak dam
Excess dam body condition

Question 16

Parturition applies only to mammals true or false

Answer 16

True

Question 17

____________ is the process of producing milk

______________ is liquid that is secreted by the mammary gland made of water, triglycerides, lactose, protein, minerals, vitamins

Answer 17

Lactation

Milk

Question 18

Dairy cattle produce over __________% of all milk consumed in the us

Answer 18

90%

Question 19

From birth to puberty, man Mammary development occurs at the ___________ rate as the body

From puberty to each estrous cycle, mammary development ___________ due to _______________ and ______________ stimulation

Answer 19

At the same rate

Increases, progesterone, estradiol

Question 20

When an animal is close to parturition, __________ is secreted to stimulate milk production

Answer 20

Prolactin

Question 21

What is lactogenesis?

During parturition __________ and __________ decrease and lactogensis occurs

Answer 21

Formulation of milk

Progesterone and estrogen

Question 22

What are the two stages of lactogenesis

In lactogenesis, epithelial cells change to a ________________ state

Answer 22

Stage 1: immunoglobulin uptake occurs, colostrum is formed

Stage 2: normal milk secretion, colostrum production stops

Secretory

Question 23

Why is there higher protein in colostrum?

Answer 23

Because of antibodies/immunoglobulins

Question 24

___________ is spherical and capable of storing milk produced by secretory cells

Answer 24

Alveoli

Question 25

What are the three primary functions of secretory cells

Answer 25

They absorb nutrients from the blood stream

Transform nutrients into milk lactose, fat, and protein

Transport milk into lumen (center) of alveoli

Question 26

What are the two hormones that are important in stimulating the synthesis of milk components

Answer 26

Prolactin and cortisol

Question 27

The udder has _____ quarters that operate independently

Which part of the udder is the part that when it relaxes can get an infection in the udder

Answer 27

4

Tear canal

Question 28

___________________ cells contract and squeeze alveoli and causes milk to travel down milk duct because of ____________

Where is oxytocin released from

Answer 28

Myoepithelial cells

Oxytocin

Pituitary gland

Question 29

What is the name of the reservoir part of the udder

Answer 29

Gland sistern

Question 30

What is the pathway for milk

Answer 30

From the milk ducts to to the gland cistern

From there to the teat cistern

And finally the streak canal

Question 31

What is the muscular ring surrounding the streak canal

This prevents foreign material from entering

Answer 31

Test sphincter

Question 32

How long does the test sphincter relax for which enables it to be susceptible to infection

Answer 32

15-60 mins

Question 33

How many days after parturition does a cow peak in milk production?

What happens to the udder when milk production is no longer needed

Answer 33

50-70 days

The udder decreases in weight, volume and productivity

Question 34

How many gallons of blood flow are required to produce 1 gallon of milk

Answer 34

400 gallons

Question 35

Describe the changes over lactation period graph

Answer 35

Cow cant take in enough food to keep up with milk production so body condition goes down. Once they hit peak in milk production dry matter exceeds and allows body weight to catch up

Question 36

What is the primary carbohydrate in milk?

What percent is it in the overall composition of milk?

Answer 36

Lactose

4.9%

Question 37

_______ is 3.4% of the overall composition of milk. The major part of this is Casein which is ______%

Answer 37

Protein

80

Question 38

This is known as the first milk and is high in protein especially ____________ and fat

Answer 38

Immunoglobulins

Question 39

Fat is _____% of milk composition and is mostly in the form of _________

Answer 39

3.7%

Triglycerides

Question 40

Water is ________ % of milk composition

Answer 40

87.3%

Question 41

What are the two major minerals in milk composition

What vitamins are present in milk composition

Answer 41

Calcium and phosphorus

B complex (riboflavin)

Fortified (strengthened) by V D

Question 42

What factors affect lactation

Answer 42

FREQUENCY of milking. The more you milk the higher production of milk you get

Good and nutrition (bad nutrition limits production)
Help here

Environmental temp (50-80 is optimum)

Estrus decreases yield

Disease (fat, lactose and Carson decrease) (sodium chloride increases)

Question 43

This is inflammation of mammary gland causes by bacterial infection

It is also the leading cause of illness to dairy cattle

Answer 43

Mastitis