Remaining Material Flashcards
What are the four phases of the estrous cycle and their definitions
- Proestrus- period of follicle growth/estrogen production triggers estrus
- Estrus- period female receptive to male/ surge in LH which causes ovulation after ovulation no more estrogen produced and no longer receptive
- Metestrus- formation of corpus luteum/ progesterone produced/ uterus readied for fertilized egg
- Diestrus- full functional CL/high progesterone/ FSH &LH suppressed/ at end CL regresses progesterone goes down and cycle restarts unless prego gestation begins
What are the environmental influences on reproduction
Body condition (fat)
Nutrition
Stress decreases fertility
Day length (seasonal breeders)
________________ is the increasing energy prior to breeding and increases ovulation rate
Flushing
Name long day breeders
Name short day breeders
L- horses
S- sheep, deer, elk, goats
What are reproductive behavior males perform
Bull
Ram
Boar
Stallion
Bull: sniffing flehmen response, chin resting, penile protrusion, attempted mounts
Ram: outstretched neck, sniffing, flehmen, penile protrusion
Boar: nuzzling, grinding teeth, foams at mouth, penile portrrusion, attempted mounts
Stallion: flehmen, high degree of excitement, penile portursion
What does the flehmen response do
Increases passage of air
What do females do for reproductive behavior
Cow
Mare
Ewe
Sow
Cow: increased locomotion and vocalization, grouping, chin resting, standing to be mounted
Mare: increased locomotion and tail flagging, urination, presents hindquarters to male, stands
Ewe: restlessness, urination, immobile stance
Sow: restlessness, immobile stance
Copulatory behavior where is semen deposited
Cattle
Sheep
Swine
Horses
Cattle: vagina unless AI then __________
Sheep: vagina/cervix
Swine: cervix/ uterus
Horses: cervix/ uterus
What is the period of time from conception until parturition? How many days in Cows Ewe Sow Mare
Gestation
Cow=283
Ewe=
What is a free Martin a result from
Why is this
A female born co-twin to a male
Make system develops earlier and the joining of placental blood systems.
In the exchange of primitive blood cells of the placenta of a freemartin, exposure to what hormone comes from the male
Androgens and Miller Ian in mullerian inhibitory hormone (MIH)
The following are signs of what
Distended abdomen Mammary development and milk secretion Swollen vulva and relaxed pelvic ligaments Muccos discharge Restlessness and separation from her Active labor
Parturition
What is the typical number of offspring a Cow Ewe Sow Mare
Cow: 1
Ewe: 1-3
Sow: 6-14
Mare: 1
What is normal fetal presentation for a calf lamb and foal
Pig
The 3: front feet and head first
Pig: head first and front feet back (60%) or back feet first (40%)
Presentation for pigs is not as important to ease of delivery
What is difficulty in expelling the fetus
What is it mainly caused by
Dystocia
Mainly: abnormal presentation/ oversized fetus
Undersized pelvic opening
Weak dam
Excess dam body condition
Parturition applies only to mammals true or false
True
____________ is the process of producing milk
______________ is liquid that is secreted by the mammary gland made of water, triglycerides, lactose, protein, minerals, vitamins
Lactation
Milk
Dairy cattle produce over __________% of all milk consumed in the us
90%
From birth to puberty, man Mammary development occurs at the ___________ rate as the body
From puberty to each estrous cycle, mammary development ___________ due to _______________ and ______________ stimulation
At the same rate
Increases, progesterone, estradiol
When an animal is close to parturition, __________ is secreted to stimulate milk production
Prolactin
What is lactogenesis?
During parturition __________ and __________ decrease and lactogensis occurs
Formulation of milk
Progesterone and estrogen
What are the two stages of lactogenesis
In lactogenesis, epithelial cells change to a ________________ state
Stage 1: immunoglobulin uptake occurs, colostrum is formed
Stage 2: normal milk secretion, colostrum production stops
Secretory
Why is there higher protein in colostrum?
Because of antibodies/immunoglobulins
___________ is spherical and capable of storing milk produced by secretory cells
Alveoli
What are the three primary functions of secretory cells
They absorb nutrients from the blood stream
Transform nutrients into milk lactose, fat, and protein
Transport milk into lumen (center) of alveoli
What are the two hormones that are important in stimulating the synthesis of milk components
Prolactin and cortisol
The udder has _____ quarters that operate independently
Which part of the udder is the part that when it relaxes can get an infection in the udder
4
Tear canal
___________________ cells contract and squeeze alveoli and causes milk to travel down milk duct because of ____________
Where is oxytocin released from
Myoepithelial cells
Oxytocin
Pituitary gland
What is the name of the reservoir part of the udder
Gland sistern
What is the pathway for milk
From the milk ducts to to the gland cistern
From there to the teat cistern
And finally the streak canal
What is the muscular ring surrounding the streak canal
This prevents foreign material from entering
Test sphincter
How long does the test sphincter relax for which enables it to be susceptible to infection
15-60 mins
How many days after parturition does a cow peak in milk production?
What happens to the udder when milk production is no longer needed
50-70 days
The udder decreases in weight, volume and productivity
How many gallons of blood flow are required to produce 1 gallon of milk
400 gallons
Describe the changes over lactation period graph
Cow cant take in enough food to keep up with milk production so body condition goes down. Once they hit peak in milk production dry matter exceeds and allows body weight to catch up
What is the primary carbohydrate in milk?
What percent is it in the overall composition of milk?
Lactose
4.9%
_______ is 3.4% of the overall composition of milk. The major part of this is Casein which is ______%
Protein
80
This is known as the first milk and is high in protein especially ____________ and fat
Immunoglobulins
Fat is _____% of milk composition and is mostly in the form of _________
3.7%
Triglycerides
Water is ________ % of milk composition
87.3%
What are the two major minerals in milk composition
What vitamins are present in milk composition
Calcium and phosphorus
B complex (riboflavin)
Fortified (strengthened) by V D
What factors affect lactation
FREQUENCY of milking. The more you milk the higher production of milk you get
Good and nutrition (bad nutrition limits production)
Help here
Environmental temp (50-80 is optimum)
Estrus decreases yield
Disease (fat, lactose and Carson decrease) (sodium chloride increases)
This is inflammation of mammary gland causes by bacterial infection
It is also the leading cause of illness to dairy cattle
Mastitis
