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AVS > Animal Growth Section > Flashcards

Animal Growth Section Flashcards

1
Q

Name some reasons why we should study animal growth?

A

Disease prevention therapy

Tissue regeneration

Prevent wasting conditions

OptimiZe health and wellbeing

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2
Q

Def of growth

A

Increase in size or mass of structural tissues or organs- does not include excess adipose tissue (fat) deposition

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3
Q

Def of hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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4
Q

Hypertrophy def

A

Increase in cell size due to accretion of cell products

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5
Q

Def of differentiation

A

Process of acquiring characteristics distinct from a progenitor cell or tissue, such as occurs in the progressive diversification of cells and tissues of the embryo

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6
Q

What is….

Neonatal

Prenatal

Postnatal

A

N- newborn

Pre- before birth

Post after

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7
Q

Def of allometry

A

Relationship of growth of a part of an orgnaism to growth of the whole organism

Eng-
Not everything grows at same rate

Exp: calf born with really long legs

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8
Q

What does allometry focus on

A

Tissues that will collect nutrients

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9
Q

Def of apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

Eng-

Cell destined to die at specific stage of development

Exp: webbed fingers

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10
Q

Def of atrophy

A

Decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ or part (opposite of hypertrophy)

Due from lack of use usually

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11
Q

def of development

A

Change in form and or function of the animal or tissue which results from changes in rate of increase or decrease of individual components of the body of tissue

Eng- as animal develops it doesn’t necessarily look the same some tissues grow faster some slower
Goal: to allow animals to survive/be competitive

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12
Q

What is one thing that can influence development give example

A

Gender

Males grow faster/ larger mature size
Castrate: intermediate
Females: estrogen accelerates closure of growth plates so not as big

*pigs exception

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13
Q

What two things get the most nutrients

A

Brain and central nervous system

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14
Q

What do females also give a lot of nutrients to besides brain and central nervous system

A

Placenta and fetus

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15
Q

Explain the growth curve of average daily gain (abcd)

A

All the components start developing at the same time, but they do so at different rates so some finishes early and others take time

Exp: brain grows fast early but then slows dramatically as you get older

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16
Q

In the chart of a market animal growth what grows faster as the animal matures

A

Fat

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17
Q

The animal market chart

What grows at a slow steady rate

A

Bone growth

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18
Q

What does epiphysis mean

What does diaphysis

A

E- end of bone

A- shaft

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19
Q

In the diagram of bones anything that was white in the bone was…

A

Cartilage

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20
Q

As the bone in the bone chart matures, there was ________ cartilage and ________ compact bone

A

Less

More

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21
Q

What is the white space at the end of the bone called? It refers to where the bone is growing…

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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22
Q

What is within the epiphyseal growth plate

A

Epiphyseal cartilage

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23
Q

What causes a mature bone to be remodeled?

A
  1. Lack of use
  2. If another area is in need of calcium
    Exp: lactation
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24
Q

A myo tube is just a

A

Immature muscle fiber

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25
Q

In muscle fiber formation, what is the window where they are formed

A

Early- it is done quite a bit before parturition

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26
Q

What causes a runt

A

Nutrient restriction

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27
Q

Why could the second set of horses produce a bigger colt compared to the first set if they are the same cross?

A

The mom in #2 was larger and could provide enough nutrients to produce that bigger colt

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28
Q

What is myostatin

A

Growth factor that inhibits muscle development

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29
Q

What do naturally occurring myostatin mutations cause

A

Double muscling in cattle and other species

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30
Q

In double muscling you have a lot more _______

A

Myofibers

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31
Q

What is the name of the common breed that has double muscling

A

Belgian blue and peadmonte

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32
Q

What other animal has the myostatin defect for double muscling but not the extreme end of it

A

Limousine

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33
Q

What does double muscling in cattle cause

A

More muscle fibers

Larger muscle fibers

Higher% white muscle fibers

Less body fat

High incidence of dystocia (calving difficulty)

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34
Q

What is dystocia

A

Calving difficulty

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35
Q

What substitution in myostatin particularly limousine produce an intermediate phenotype without significant negative effects on birth and growth traits

A

F94L

It changes only one amino acid so less noticeable

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36
Q

What two things contribute to post natal muscle growth

A

DNA accretion

Protein accumulation

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37
Q

What happens during DNA accretion

A

Nuclei incorporated into pre existing muscle fibers by satellite cells

Increase muscle fibers capacity for gene expression and growth

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38
Q

What accounts for most of post natal muscle growth /hypertrophy

A

Protein accumulation

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39
Q

When does accumulation of myofibrillar proteins occur? (Protein accumulation)

A

When protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation

40
Q

What = accumulation /accretion

A

Synthesis - breakdow

Exp: if you break your leg, breakdown would exceed synthesis=atrophy

41
Q

What is lysine

A

Amino acid

Biggest restriction on protein accumulation

42
Q

what is a cluster of fat cells called

A

Lobbule

43
Q

How much does lipid account of tissu

How much do triglycerides account of lipids

A

76-94%

90-99%

44
Q

How much can the volume of an adipocyte cell increase

A

Greater than 1000 fold (hypertrophy is important)

45
Q

In the phases of fattening, ________ is followed by _______ but ____________ of new fat cells (hyperplasia) can occur throughout life

A

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, recruitment

46
Q

Early in life the cause of the increase in adipose tissue is due to

A

Increase in # of fat cells (hyperplasia)

47
Q

What is the downside of fat

A

There is no limit on how much fat you can have

48
Q

Fat cells are all created equal true or fals

A

False they are not all created equal

49
Q

What is beta-adrenergicagonists

A

Hormone that binds receptor

50
Q

When an animal is Nutritionally restricted, what happens?

A

?

51
Q

What is the FDA hormone for growth regulation in pigs

A

Paylean (ractopamine)

52
Q

What does paylean do

A 
Increases muscle
Decreases fat
Improves efficiency 
Saves feed
Reduces waste
Increases stress
53
Q

Name some FDA approved growth regulators in cattle

A

Estradiol
Progesterone
Optaflexx

54
Q

Which growth regulation in cattle is dismissed

A

Zilmax

55
Q

What are the oldest and longest improved growth regulations in cattle

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

56
Q

What is one of the more common growth regulations in cattle

A

Optaflexx

57
Q

What is the withdrawal time for growth regulations in cAttle

What is the noteable exception to what is not approved as growth prominent

A

There is none

Growth hormone

58
Q

What is a half life

A

How long growth promontent stays in body

59
Q

In the bathtub scenario what does optaflexx do with beta agonists

zilmaxx?

A

Optaflexx- primarily increases protein synthesis or “water flow”

Zilmaxx- primarily reduces protein degradation or “water draining”

60
Q

Def of nutrition

A

Science that deals with nutrients in food and feed as they relate to health and life

61
Q

Def of nutrient

A

Any food constituent that aids in support of life

62
Q

The cost of feed is _____ % of the total cost of livestock production

A

50-80%

63
Q

What are the 6 major classes of nutrients

A 
Water (most important)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
64
Q

What is essential versus nonessential nutrients

A

Essential is nutrients your body cannot synthesis in sufficient quantities to meet needs you need to consume it

65
Q

What distinguishes proteins

A

Nitrogenous compounds

66
Q

Water soluble vitamins are considered

A

B-complex vitamins

67
Q

What are some major functions of nutrients

A 
Body maintenance 
Growth
Production of meat, milk, wool...
Work (energy/atp)
Reproduction
Regulate body processes
68
Q

What do nutrients regulate body processes

A

Gene expression
Protein production
Hormone action
Supply energy for metabolic processes

69
Q

In plants vs animals, water

A

Varies with both 45-90%

70
Q

Animals vs plants carbohydrates are what

A

High in plants

Low in animals

71
Q

In plants vs animals cell walls/cell membranes consist of

A

Carbs in plants

Lipid and proteins in animals

72
Q

Plantvs animals

Skeletal consists of

A

Fiber for plants

Minerals for animals

73
Q

In plants vs animals energy is stored

A

Plants- starch

Animals- fat and glycogen(carb)

74
Q

What is major carb in animals

A

Glycogen

75
Q

In water you can what (sources)

A

Drink eat metabolism

76
Q

What are the functions of water

A

Transporting medium
Maintains body temp
Solvent

77
Q

Proportions of animals body that is water ________

An embryo to a newborn difference in percentage of proption of water

A

Varies

90% embryo to 70% newborn shows differentiation

78
Q

All animals depend on nutrients derived by ____________ where sunlight turns water and carbon dioxide into sugar

A

Photosynthesis

79
Q

What does photosynthesis do

A

Sunlight turns water and carbon dioxide into sugar

80
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6H2O + 6 CO2 + 673 kcal get turned into C6H12O6 + 6O2

Kcal = energy from sun (atp)

81
Q

What do carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

82
Q

What do carbs include

A

Sugars
Starches
Cellulose
(Fiber)

83
Q

What are monosaccharides equations

A

C6H12O6

C5H10O5

84
Q

Name the six carbon sugars monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Mannose

85
Q

Name the 5 carbon monosaccharides

A

Ribose
Arabinose
xylose

86
Q

Glucose and fructose compared show what

A

That they share common components but diffeeent structural formation

87
Q

Name the disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

88
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

Maltose

Lactose

A

Glucose and fructose

Glucose and glucose

Glucose and galactose

89
Q

What is the sweetest disaccharide how much sweeter are the others

A

Sucrose

1/3 as sweet is maltose
1/6 as sweet is lactose

90
Q

When creating sucrose you bond _____ and _____ to create sucrose and you leave out _____ _____

A

Glucose and fructose

Metabolic water

91
Q

What are the major source of animal carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

92
Q

Anything with (. ) n means what

A

You could have thousands of them

93
Q

What’s an example of a polysaccharide

A

Starch

94
Q

Starch is a ________ _________

That is extensively what

A

No structural carbohydrate
That digests and or ferments rapidly

We digest
Cows ferment

95
Q

What are the major plant kinds of starches

Animal?

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

Glycogen

AVS (26 decks)

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