Animal Growth Section Flashcards
Name some reasons why we should study animal growth?
Disease prevention therapy
Tissue regeneration
Prevent wasting conditions
OptimiZe health and wellbeing
Def of growth
Increase in size or mass of structural tissues or organs- does not include excess adipose tissue (fat) deposition
Def of hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Hypertrophy def
Increase in cell size due to accretion of cell products
Def of differentiation
Process of acquiring characteristics distinct from a progenitor cell or tissue, such as occurs in the progressive diversification of cells and tissues of the embryo
What is….
Neonatal
Prenatal
Postnatal
N- newborn
Pre- before birth
Post after
Def of allometry
Relationship of growth of a part of an orgnaism to growth of the whole organism
Eng-
Not everything grows at same rate
Exp: calf born with really long legs
What does allometry focus on
Tissues that will collect nutrients
Def of apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Eng-
Cell destined to die at specific stage of development
Exp: webbed fingers
Def of atrophy
Decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ or part (opposite of hypertrophy)
Due from lack of use usually
def of development
Change in form and or function of the animal or tissue which results from changes in rate of increase or decrease of individual components of the body of tissue
Eng- as animal develops it doesn’t necessarily look the same some tissues grow faster some slower
Goal: to allow animals to survive/be competitive
What is one thing that can influence development give example
Gender
Males grow faster/ larger mature size
Castrate: intermediate
Females: estrogen accelerates closure of growth plates so not as big
*pigs exception
What two things get the most nutrients
Brain and central nervous system
What do females also give a lot of nutrients to besides brain and central nervous system
Placenta and fetus
Explain the growth curve of average daily gain (abcd)
All the components start developing at the same time, but they do so at different rates so some finishes early and others take time
Exp: brain grows fast early but then slows dramatically as you get older
In the chart of a market animal growth what grows faster as the animal matures
Fat
The animal market chart
What grows at a slow steady rate
Bone growth
What does epiphysis mean
What does diaphysis
E- end of bone
A- shaft
In the diagram of bones anything that was white in the bone was…
Cartilage
As the bone in the bone chart matures, there was ________ cartilage and ________ compact bone
Less
More
What is the white space at the end of the bone called? It refers to where the bone is growing…
Epiphyseal growth plate
What is within the epiphyseal growth plate
Epiphyseal cartilage
What causes a mature bone to be remodeled?
- Lack of use
- If another area is in need of calcium
Exp: lactation
A myo tube is just a
Immature muscle fiber
In muscle fiber formation, what is the window where they are formed
Early- it is done quite a bit before parturition
What causes a runt
Nutrient restriction
Why could the second set of horses produce a bigger colt compared to the first set if they are the same cross?
The mom in #2 was larger and could provide enough nutrients to produce that bigger colt
What is myostatin
Growth factor that inhibits muscle development
What do naturally occurring myostatin mutations cause
Double muscling in cattle and other species
In double muscling you have a lot more _______
Myofibers
What is the name of the common breed that has double muscling
Belgian blue and peadmonte
What other animal has the myostatin defect for double muscling but not the extreme end of it
Limousine
What does double muscling in cattle cause
More muscle fibers
Larger muscle fibers
Higher% white muscle fibers
Less body fat
High incidence of dystocia (calving difficulty)
What is dystocia
Calving difficulty
What substitution in myostatin particularly limousine produce an intermediate phenotype without significant negative effects on birth and growth traits
F94L
It changes only one amino acid so less noticeable
What two things contribute to post natal muscle growth
DNA accretion
Protein accumulation
What happens during DNA accretion
Nuclei incorporated into pre existing muscle fibers by satellite cells
Increase muscle fibers capacity for gene expression and growth
What accounts for most of post natal muscle growth /hypertrophy
Protein accumulation
When does accumulation of myofibrillar proteins occur? (Protein accumulation)
When protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation
What = accumulation /accretion
Synthesis - breakdow
Exp: if you break your leg, breakdown would exceed synthesis=atrophy
What is lysine
Amino acid
Biggest restriction on protein accumulation
what is a cluster of fat cells called
Lobbule
How much does lipid account of tissu
How much do triglycerides account of lipids
76-94%
90-99%
How much can the volume of an adipocyte cell increase
Greater than 1000 fold (hypertrophy is important)
In the phases of fattening, ________ is followed by _______ but ____________ of new fat cells (hyperplasia) can occur throughout life
Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, recruitment
Early in life the cause of the increase in adipose tissue is due to
Increase in # of fat cells (hyperplasia)
What is the downside of fat
There is no limit on how much fat you can have
Fat cells are all created equal true or fals
False they are not all created equal
What is beta-adrenergicagonists
Hormone that binds receptor
When an animal is Nutritionally restricted, what happens?
?
What is the FDA hormone for growth regulation in pigs
Paylean (ractopamine)
What does paylean do
Increases muscle Decreases fat Improves efficiency Saves feed Reduces waste Increases stress
Name some FDA approved growth regulators in cattle
Estradiol
Progesterone
Optaflexx
Which growth regulation in cattle is dismissed
Zilmax
What are the oldest and longest improved growth regulations in cattle
Estradiol
Progesterone
What is one of the more common growth regulations in cattle
Optaflexx
What is the withdrawal time for growth regulations in cAttle
What is the noteable exception to what is not approved as growth prominent
There is none
Growth hormone
What is a half life
How long growth promontent stays in body
In the bathtub scenario what does optaflexx do with beta agonists
zilmaxx?
Optaflexx- primarily increases protein synthesis or “water flow”
Zilmaxx- primarily reduces protein degradation or “water draining”
Def of nutrition
Science that deals with nutrients in food and feed as they relate to health and life
Def of nutrient
Any food constituent that aids in support of life
The cost of feed is _____ % of the total cost of livestock production
50-80%
What are the 6 major classes of nutrients
Water (most important) Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals
What is essential versus nonessential nutrients
Essential is nutrients your body cannot synthesis in sufficient quantities to meet needs you need to consume it
What distinguishes proteins
Nitrogenous compounds
Water soluble vitamins are considered
B-complex vitamins
What are some major functions of nutrients
Body maintenance Growth Production of meat, milk, wool... Work (energy/atp) Reproduction Regulate body processes
What do nutrients regulate body processes
Gene expression
Protein production
Hormone action
Supply energy for metabolic processes
In plants vs animals, water
Varies with both 45-90%
Animals vs plants carbohydrates are what
High in plants
Low in animals
In plants vs animals cell walls/cell membranes consist of
Carbs in plants
Lipid and proteins in animals
Plantvs animals
Skeletal consists of
Fiber for plants
Minerals for animals
In plants vs animals energy is stored
Plants- starch
Animals- fat and glycogen(carb)
What is major carb in animals
Glycogen
In water you can what (sources)
Drink eat metabolism
What are the functions of water
Transporting medium
Maintains body temp
Solvent
Proportions of animals body that is water ________
An embryo to a newborn difference in percentage of proption of water
Varies
90% embryo to 70% newborn shows differentiation
All animals depend on nutrients derived by ____________ where sunlight turns water and carbon dioxide into sugar
Photosynthesis
What does photosynthesis do
Sunlight turns water and carbon dioxide into sugar
What is the equation for photosynthesis
6H2O + 6 CO2 + 673 kcal get turned into C6H12O6 + 6O2
Kcal = energy from sun (atp)
What do carbohydrates contain
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
What do carbs include
Sugars
Starches
Cellulose
(Fiber)
What are monosaccharides equations
C6H12O6
C5H10O5
Name the six carbon sugars monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Mannose
Name the 5 carbon monosaccharides
Ribose
Arabinose
xylose
Glucose and fructose compared show what
That they share common components but diffeeent structural formation
Name the disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
What is sucrose made up of?
Maltose
Lactose
Glucose and fructose
Glucose and glucose
Glucose and galactose
What is the sweetest disaccharide how much sweeter are the others
Sucrose
1/3 as sweet is maltose
1/6 as sweet is lactose
When creating sucrose you bond _____ and _____ to create sucrose and you leave out _____ _____
Glucose and fructose
Metabolic water
What are the major source of animal carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Anything with (. ) n means what
You could have thousands of them
What’s an example of a polysaccharide
Starch
Starch is a ________ _________
That is extensively what
No structural carbohydrate
That digests and or ferments rapidly
We digest
Cows ferment
What are the major plant kinds of starches
Animal?
Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
