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AVS > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

The physical, chemical and enzymatic means the body uses to render a feed/food ready for absorption

A

Digestion

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2
Q

What controls appetite and food intake?

A

Hypothalamus (hunger and satiety)
Blood glucose levels
Physical capacity
Environmental temperature

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3
Q

What are the three types of digestive processes with examples

A

Physical/ mechanical (chewing/muscular action of digestive tract)

Chemical (hydrocloric acid denatures proteins/ secretory)

Enzymatic

  • proteases, amylase, lipase
  • catalyze chemical reactions with proteins
  • hydrolysis
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4
Q

What are the two types of stomachs?

What digestion does the complex one do?

A

Monogastrics
Ruminants

Microbial digestion

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5
Q

What do the following eat

Carnivore

Omnivore

Herbivore

A

Eat animal flesh mostly (produce more lysosomes)

Consume plants and animals

Depend on plants for food

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6
Q

How animals bring food into their mouth

A

Prehension

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7
Q

This is known as chewing or regurgitating or chewing cud

Poultry rely on grinding action in gizzard for this

A

Mastication

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8
Q

What is the purpose of mastication

A

To break down smaller particles which increases surface area which makes it more assessable to digestion

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9
Q

This is the secretion and mixing of saliva with food

A

Salivation (salivary glands)

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10
Q

What does saliva do

A
  • lubricates

Dissolves

Cleanses

Buffers stomach/rumen acid

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11
Q

What is the act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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12
Q

Food passes down the _______ to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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13
Q

What is the true stomach but also called proventriculus in birds

A

Abomasum

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14
Q

In the glandular stomach also known as _______________, what type of digestion begins and which one is there more of

A

Abomasum

Enzymatic and chemical digestion

More chemical

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15
Q

In ruminants, ______________ occurs first in rumen/reticulum

A

Fermentation

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16
Q

_________________ acid is secreted into the stomach

A

Hydrochloric

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

What does each do

A

Duodenum- digestion via pancreatic (mostly) and liver secretions

Jejunum- longest portion and major site of ABSORPTION (some digestion)

Ileum: absorption and connects to the large intestine

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18
Q

What is the act of expelling fecal matter via rectum or cloaca

A

Defecation

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19
Q

What is urination, components include nitrogenous compounds, minerals and water and is regulated by the kidney

A

Micturition

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20
Q

In micturition, what are the nitrogenous compounds in mammals

Birds

A

Urea mammals

Uric acid

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21
Q

What can monogastrics not use as a source of nutrients

A

Fiber or

High fiber feed stuff

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22
Q

What is the one exception in monogastrics that allow some to digest fiber

A

Functional cecum

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23
Q

What are the roles the stomach plays

A

Acid secretion
Enzyme production
Food storage
Release of chyme to small intestine

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24
Q

Go through the order of the monogastrics stomach

A

Mouth- esophagus- abomasum- duodenum- jejunem- ileum- cecum- colon- rectum

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25
Q

What would a carnivores by more adept at absorbing?

A

Amino acids in the jejunem

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26
Q

What are the specialized parts of a chicken turkey and duck

What do they do

A

Crop: feed softening and storage

Proventriculus: glandular stomach, acid and enzymes

Gizzard: grinding aided by grit important since birds have no teeth

27
Q

What % of ruminants at birth is rumen, reticulum, omasum?

Abomasum?

A

30%

70%

28
Q

When is a calf rumen functional and what does it do

A

7 weeks

Fermentation
Decline in blood glucose
Production of vfas

29
Q

In a mature ruminant what % is the following
Rumen

Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

A

Rumen 80%

Reticulum 5%

Omasum 7%

Abomasum 8%

30
Q

What part of a ruminant is the fermentation vat, microbes synthesize amino acids, b vitamins, microbes become food

How much digestion occurs here

A

Rumen

60-90%

31
Q

Looks like a honeycomb

Mixes

Pacemaker for rumen contracts

A

Reticulum

32
Q

Many plies (book)

Absorbs water, Electrolytes and some VFAs

A

Omasum

33
Q

This is the true stomach it has acid and enzymes

A

Abomasum

34
Q

What accounts for 60% of energy animals absorb

A

Vfa’s

35
Q

Between what two parts of ruminants is there a free flow of digestion

A

Rumen and reticulum

36
Q

Where is the microvilli located (brush border)

What does it do

A

Small intestine jejunem

Increase surface area

37
Q

What covers the villi and micro villi

A

Epithelial cells

38
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

For humans monkeys and pigs the mouth because of salivary amylase

For ruminants (no salivary amylase) it begins in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase is secreted into duodenum

39
Q

What does amylase hydrolyze starch into

A

Maltose maltotriose and a limit dextrins

40
Q

Where does completion of carb digestion happen

A

Small intestine mainly first two little in the ileum

41
Q

In the small intestine during carb digestion pancreatic ________ is secreted into the ___________ after that additional _________ border enzymes are secreted into small intestine. These include _____________ , sucrase, and _____________ and lactase

A

amylase

Brush

Maltase

Isomaltase

42
Q

In brush border enzymes, what does each break down and into what

Maltase
Sucrase
Isomaltase
Lactase

A

Maltase breaks down maltose to g and g

Sucrase breaks down sucrose to g and f

Isomaltase breaks down dextrins to produce maltose

Lactase breaks down lactose to g and galactose

43
Q

What are absorbed in the small intestine during carb digestion?

Protein digestion?

Fats?

A

Simple sugars / monosaccharides

Amino acids (arginine lysine

Fatty acids

44
Q

To digest cellulose what is required?

What produces cellulase to break cellulose to glucose

A

Micro organisms

Bacteria

45
Q

__________ in the rumen use glucose to produce vfa’s which are ________ ______ _______

A

Bacteria

Acetate propionate butyrate

46
Q

What provide 50-70% if animals energy requirement

A

Vfa’s

47
Q

What fingerlike projections increase surface area

A

Papillae

48
Q

In carbs each complex sugar for ruminants becomes what?

They get concerted into _______ ______ ______ or lactic acid
And the majority of carbs in rumens are going to do this

A

Glucose

Vfa’s

49
Q

Digesting proteins is equivalent to

A

Degradation or breakdown

50
Q

Where does protein digestion begin

___________ acid supplies the proper _____ for enzymes pepsin and __________ to begin hydrolysis of proteins

A

Begins abomasum

Hydrochloric
PH
Rennin

51
Q

What does pepsin do?

What does rennin do

A

Digests proteins into peptones and dippeptides (generic digest a lot of dif proteins)

Hydrolyzes Casein which coagulates into paracaseunate which pepsin digests

52
Q

What pancreatic enzymes are secreted into the duodenum during protein digestion

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

53
Q

______________ peptidases are also present at the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cells

A

Intestinal

54
Q

What is the end product of protein digestion and where absorbed

A

Amino acids

Jejenum

(Dipeptides and tripeptises are also absorbed and digested to amino acids in epithelial cells)

55
Q

Where does fat digestion begin and with what enzyme

A

True stomach.

Gastric lipase

56
Q

FAT DIGESTION
Bile __________ Lipids in the duedenum and increases _______________ __________ of lipid mixture 10,000x

Before this ______ salts are produced by the ________ and sores in the gall bladder

A

Emulsifies
Surface area

Bile
Liver

57
Q

FAT DIGESTION
What is enzyme is added after increase of surface area and converts triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides and it is primarily absorbed where

A

Pancreatic lipase

Jejunum

58
Q

LIPID DIGESTION RUMINANTS

Rumen microorganisms ___________ dietary triglycerides to yield _______ _____ _______ and glycerol

A

Hydrolyze

Free fatty acids

59
Q

T or F with non ruminants the fatty acids reaching the duodenum of ruminants are less saturated than dietary FA

A

False they are more highly saturated

60
Q

R VS M DIGESTION

what type of DIGESTION does each do

A

Mono- chemical and enzymatic

R- microbial fermentation

61
Q

In __________ fiber DIGESTION is limited but fiber is _______

A

Monogastrics

Necessary

62
Q

What are 3 things that have fictional cecum

Where are the VFA produced and absorbed

A

Horses rats and rabbits

Large intestine

63
Q

When rabbits eat soft fecal material fermented in cecum- contains what?

A

Cecotrophy

Contains proteins, B vitamins, V K all can by utilized

64
Q

This is the act of eating feces the nutrients are digested and absorbed by upper GI tract

A

Coprophagy

AVS (26 decks)

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