Relationships and Behaviour Flashcards
what are the 2 types of learning
associative (conditioning) non associative (observational)
an example of classic conditioning is training a dog to associate a bell with meal time define the unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
neutral stimulus is the bell because it does not initially lead to a response from the dog. after he learns to associate the bell with food it becomes a conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response is salivation which natural occurs when food is present
the conditioned response is the learned behaviour of salivation when the bell rings
is behaviour disappears temporarily then reappears its called
spontaneous recovery
define classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that already evokes an unconditioned response
when similar but non identical stimuli lead to the same response it is called
stimulus generalization
when two stimuli are distinguishable with one but not the other stimulus leading to a response it is called
stimulus discrimination
what is operant conditioning
involves reinforcement or punishment of a behaviour altering the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
positive vs negative reinforcement or punishment
positive is something being added
negative is being taken away
primary vs secondary reinforcement and punishment
primary exploits basic needs like food
secondary exploits conditioned needs like money
what is escape conditioning**
operant conditioning that involves learning to escape an unpleasant stimulus
what is avoidance conditioning **
operant conditioning that involves. learning to avoid an unpleasant stimulus by learning how to behave in response to a warning
very persistent as it is a self reinforcing process
what are two types of reinforcement schedules
which one has faster acquisition, which one is more resistant to extinction
continuous - reinforcement/punishment is applied every time a desired behaviour is performed. fastest way to encourage acquisition
partial/intermittent - reinforcement/punishment is applied only after some instance of correct behaviour. more resistant to extinction
what is shaping
operant conditioning involving molding the current behaviour into a desired behaviour by providing rewards/punishments for successive approximations toward to desired behaviour
what is instinctual drift
animal with a learned behaviour begins to revert back to performing its more instinctual behaviour
what is habituation
non associative learning where a subject stops responding to a repeatedly present stimulus
primitive type of learning
what is sensitization
non associative learning in which there’s an increase in the probability that behaviour appropriate to a repeatedly presented stimulus will occur even in reposes to another stimulus
what are two things required for observational learning
mirror neurons
vicarious emotions
difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning
classical - response to stimulus
operant - reward and punishment
what’s altruism
animals exhibit self sacrificial attitude to enhance the fitness of other individuals
tend to support their own kin in phenomenon known as inclusive fitness
what is game theory
used to create mathematical models of individuals decisions and how they revolve around other individuals
decision making in response to decisions made by others such as competitive situations
what is impression management
mediation of ones behaviour for purposes of casting a certain impression
what is the theory behind dramaturgical approach of impression management
the world is a stage and all our interactions are acted
you have a front and back stage self
what is group think
members try to foster group harmony by agreeing near entirely with one another despite having different opinions
what is group polarization
the attitude of a group is stronger than the attitude of its individual members
what is social facilitation
social groups optimize individual performance
what is the bystander effect
people watching a crisis do not act as they assume someone else will step in
what is social loafing
when group member decreases their own output because they feel others will compensate for it
what is deindividuation
people lose awareness of their individual thought processes in social exposure
what is socialization
learn what is socially appropriate and what isn’t by picking up social rules through learning
what are agents of socialization
people whose influence can modify our personal behaviour and beliefs
what’s the difference between conformity and obedience
conformity - adapt behaviour due to social norms
obedience - adapt in repose to being commanded by an authority figure
what is it called when someone diverges from the social norms
they are practicing deviance
what is ethnocentrism
belief that your own culture is the best
what is cultural relativism
belief that no one culture is better than another
stereotype vs prejudice
stereotype - generalized belief about a group of people, can be positive or negative
prejudice - judgement on a group of people based on their membership in a specific group
what is a self fulfilling prophecy in relation to sterotypes
stereotype threat makes someone worry about fulfilling a certain stereotype and they become so worried about it they end up performing the stereotype they were trying to avoid
2 types of discrimination
individual
institutional - written into policies
what is diffusion of responsibility
in a large crowd individuals are less likely to feel accountable for the outcome of the situation
difference between bias and stereotype/prejudice
bias favours in group at the expense of an out group
stereotype and prejudice are ideas about an out group
