Relationships and Behaviour

Question 1

what are the 2 types of learning

Answer 1

associative (conditioning) 
non associative (observational)

Question 2

an example of classic conditioning is training a dog to associate a bell with meal time define the unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Answer 2

neutral stimulus is the bell because it does not initially lead to a response from the dog. after he learns to associate the bell with food it becomes a conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response is salivation which natural occurs when food is present
the conditioned response is the learned behaviour of salivation when the bell rings

Question 3

is behaviour disappears temporarily then reappears its called

Answer 3

spontaneous recovery

Question 4

define classical conditioning

Answer 4

a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that already evokes an unconditioned response

Question 5

when similar but non identical stimuli lead to the same response it is called

Answer 5

stimulus generalization

Question 6

when two stimuli are distinguishable with one but not the other stimulus leading to a response it is called

Answer 6

stimulus discrimination

Question 7

what is operant conditioning

Answer 7

involves reinforcement or punishment of a behaviour altering the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

Question 8

positive vs negative reinforcement or punishment

Answer 8

positive is something being added

negative is being taken away

Question 9

primary vs secondary reinforcement and punishment

Answer 9

primary exploits basic needs like food

secondary exploits conditioned needs like money

Question 10

what is escape conditioning**

Answer 10

operant conditioning that involves learning to escape an unpleasant stimulus

Question 11

what is avoidance conditioning **

Answer 11

operant conditioning that involves. learning to avoid an unpleasant stimulus by learning how to behave in response to a warning
very persistent as it is a self reinforcing process

Question 12

what are two types of reinforcement schedules

which one has faster acquisition, which one is more resistant to extinction

Answer 12

continuous - reinforcement/punishment is applied every time a desired behaviour is performed. fastest way to encourage acquisition
partial/intermittent - reinforcement/punishment is applied only after some instance of correct behaviour. more resistant to extinction

Question 13

what is shaping

Answer 13

operant conditioning involving molding the current behaviour into a desired behaviour by providing rewards/punishments for successive approximations toward to desired behaviour

Question 14

what is instinctual drift

Answer 14

animal with a learned behaviour begins to revert back to performing its more instinctual behaviour

Question 15

what is habituation

Answer 15

non associative learning where a subject stops responding to a repeatedly present stimulus
primitive type of learning

Question 16

what is sensitization

Answer 16

non associative learning in which there’s an increase in the probability that behaviour appropriate to a repeatedly presented stimulus will occur even in reposes to another stimulus

Question 17

what are two things required for observational learning

Answer 17

mirror neurons

vicarious emotions

Question 18

difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Answer 18

classical - response to stimulus

operant - reward and punishment

Question 19

what’s altruism

Answer 19

animals exhibit self sacrificial attitude to enhance the fitness of other individuals
tend to support their own kin in phenomenon known as inclusive fitness

Question 20

what is game theory

Answer 20

used to create mathematical models of individuals decisions and how they revolve around other individuals
decision making in response to decisions made by others such as competitive situations

Question 21

what is impression management

Answer 21

mediation of ones behaviour for purposes of casting a certain impression

Question 22

what is the theory behind dramaturgical approach of impression management

Answer 22

the world is a stage and all our interactions are acted

you have a front and back stage self

Question 23

what is group think

Answer 23

members try to foster group harmony by agreeing near entirely with one another despite having different opinions

Question 24

what is group polarization

Answer 24

the attitude of a group is stronger than the attitude of its individual members

Question 25

what is social facilitation

Answer 25

social groups optimize individual performance

Question 26

what is the bystander effect

Answer 26

people watching a crisis do not act as they assume someone else will step in

Question 27

what is social loafing

Answer 27

when group member decreases their own output because they feel others will compensate for it

Question 28

what is deindividuation

Answer 28

people lose awareness of their individual thought processes in social exposure

Question 29

what is socialization

Answer 29

learn what is socially appropriate and what isn’t by picking up social rules through learning

Question 30

what are agents of socialization

Answer 30

people whose influence can modify our personal behaviour and beliefs

Question 31

what’s the difference between conformity and obedience

Answer 31

conformity - adapt behaviour due to social norms

obedience - adapt in repose to being commanded by an authority figure

Question 32

what is it called when someone diverges from the social norms

Answer 32

they are practicing deviance

Question 33

what is ethnocentrism

Answer 33

belief that your own culture is the best

Question 34

what is cultural relativism

Answer 34

belief that no one culture is better than another

Question 35

stereotype vs prejudice

Answer 35

stereotype - generalized belief about a group of people, can be positive or negative
prejudice - judgement on a group of people based on their membership in a specific group

Question 36

what is a self fulfilling prophecy in relation to sterotypes

Answer 36

stereotype threat makes someone worry about fulfilling a certain stereotype and they become so worried about it they end up performing the stereotype they were trying to avoid

Question 37

2 types of discrimination

Answer 37

individual

institutional - written into policies

Question 38

what is diffusion of responsibility

Answer 38

in a large crowd individuals are less likely to feel accountable for the outcome of the situation

Question 39

difference between bias and stereotype/prejudice

Answer 39

bias favours in group at the expense of an out group

stereotype and prejudice are ideas about an out group