Lessons Learned Flashcards
semantic memory
long term memory that processes ideas that dont come from personal experience
what is linear perspective
parallel lines that recede in the distance appear closer to gether
what is texture gradient
distortion in size of closer objects compared to far
what is perceptual consistency
perception is constant even though sensation changes
snow looks just as white in the night
what is attention shift
increases efficacy of attention at the one spot and then decreases attentional resources to irrelevant objects
what does aschs experiment tell us about conformity
if there is ambiguity and no clear consensus in a group its easier to make and independent opinion
punishment to eliminate behaviour is most effective if it is
immediate
consistent
intense
difference threshold
min level of stimulation that is noticed 50% of the time
brainwashing techniques by McConnell you can think of what
prison they are isolated and depend on the guards to bring their food and if you offer rewards they will give up info
what is a saccade
when the eye jumps from one focus point to another rather than smoothly tracking
chemoreceptors are for
taste and smell
what is a limen
threshold below which a stimulus is not perceived or distinguished from one another
what is medicare
for people over 65 and to disabled people
difference between top down and bottom up processing
top down - perception driven by cognition
bottom up - processing sensory info as it comes in
how can you use feature detection to determine what someone might see when scanning a busy street
since external stimuli are filtered and processed by relevance it will depend on what situation someone is in
if someone is waiting for their friend the first thing they may notice is someone waving rather than the police lights going off
what type of processing do children often use when seeing something new for the first time
bottom up
what is the context effect
increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment to the one it was learned in
what is a stimulus motive
one that is innate but not necessary for survival
like curiosity - not learned but causes increase in stimulation
normative vs informative pressure
norm - you know they’re wrong but don’t want to go against the group
inform - conform to the rest of the group because you assume they know more
who is gordon all port
outlined a theory of personality of 3 basic traits
cardinal
central
secondary
cardinal traits
those in which people organize their entire lives
central traits
defining characteristics of a person that can be easily inferred from that person’s behavior
secondary traits
occur sometimes, particularly when a person is in a certain social situation.
John b Watsons little Albert experiment did what
used classical conditioning to make a boy scared of furry animals and objects
Albert banduru bodo doll experiment
showed that kids display aggressive behaviour when their parents do from observational learning
Hans Eysenck said persoanlity was due to what
biology
Muzafer Sharif’s Robber’s Cave experiment
examined the intergroup conflicts that arise in response to competition over limited resources.
Harry Harlow rhesus monkeys
examined parent/child attachment, social isolation, and dependency
deductive vs inductive reasoning
in - extrapolates from individual observations to general principles
did - extrapolates from general principles to individual observations
prescriptive vs descriptive
prescriptive is what you think should happen and descriptive is what one perceives as actually happening
our assignment of meaning towards or money or something like diamonds is an example of
social constructionism
social exchange theory vs rational choice what’s the big difference
social exchange is more subjective
rational choice is objective measures that will result in the greatest benefit
diathesis stress model of behaviour
uses environemental and biological dispositions towards behaviour
encoding specificity
enhanced memory when in the same location or conditions of learning
how are phobias usually acquired
through classical conditioning
is retinal disparity a binocular cue
yes requires both retinas
anomie is associated with which perspective
functionalist
social stigma is associated with which perspective
symbolic interactionism
what is life course perspective
how things when your young will affect the future outcomes
what is demographic transition theory
Demographic transition refers to a theory of economic development and population change. The theory suggests that economic changes, specifically industrialization, affect the relationship between the fertility and mortality rates in a society.
what is social epidemiology
emphasizes how social factors, such as class or race/ethnicity, affect the distribution of health and disease
what is ethnographic research
involves observing social interactions in real social settings.
what is seyles general adaption syndrome
people’s response to various stressors is similar.
what is priming effect, is it conscious
exposure to one stimulus effects the next response
if you are at a pig farm and then someone asks what to have for supper you’ll be more likely to say pork
this is unconscious!
according to group dynamics in sociology how does a dyad group differ from a triad
smaller groups tend to be more intimate but less stable
larger are more stable because there are more social ties but they are a less intimate bond
what is ingratiation
basically sucking up
presenting yourself in a way you think people will like
alturism vs inclusive fitness
alturism is more broad like to a whole society not just your kin
how does false consciousness change the view of people are are exploited
if the managers tell them if they keep working hard they will move up then they see these managers as their alleys
recall vs shadowing
recall is like asked to repeat words back after a period of time in psych shadowing is saying the things as you hear them
what is the gestalt principle of psych
gestalt psychology was the theoretical approach that emphasized the idea that the ways in which people’s perceptual experience is organized result from how human brains are organized
what is intersectionality
. Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification
how race and social status can influence social heir achy
how do emotions effect our attention
focus more on central things less focus on peripheral
what are the main components of measuring SES
income
occupation
education
a positive correlation between two _____ measures of a variable supports the ______ of those measures
independent
validity
dichotic listening task
send a message to the right ear and a different one to the left at the same time and have them repeat what they hear
what to image brain structures only
CT or MRI
want to image brain structure and activity
PET or fMRI
what to study brainwaves/electrical activity
EEG
peer groups are what kind of group
primary
conflict theory vs functionalism regarding social change
conflict theory looks at class differences and would think an overthrow of the rich people would be a good thing while functionalism likes the social stability
what is structural mobility
ability of a whole society to move up or down a social class not just an individual
what is self verification
tendency to see out and agree with info that is consistent with ones self concept
what is sensory interaction
one sensory modality may influence another
ex. need to keep eyes open to balance
fmRI vs PET scan
fMRI seems to be more realtime stuff like activity when talking or something because it shows changes in blood flow
PET takes longer and requires radio labelled glucose so between the 2 fMRI is prob more likely
what is place theory
the ability to hear different pitches based on waves triggering activity on different areas along the basilar membrane
priming involves which type of memory process
implicit
what is the difference between REM sleep and being awake
EOG - measurement of eye movement
what is associative learning
connection formed between distinct stimuli or between a stimulus and a response
classical and operant conditioning
can an conditioned stimulus become unconditioned
no conditioned can never be unconditioned and vice versa
what are Parvocellular cells used for
detect stationary objects in fine detail
does behavioural approach consider cognition
no they only care about actual outcomes of behaviour for determining future behaviour
what is the glass elevator approach
that men will advance to higher positions more quickly in a female dominated profession
what is overextension
applying the same term for things that are superficially similar like a cow and a dog
