Identity and the Individual Flashcards
define personality
collection of internal characteristics that determine a persons patterns of thinking feeling or behaving
define identity
ones internal view of oneself
what are psychological disorders
conditions influenced by biology sociology and psychology that differ from culture which represent divergences from what is expected normal
main concept of the trait theory of personality
personalities are of set of traits that vary from person to person and do not change over time
some theories are one extreme or the other while others are more continuous
what are the big 5 category traits OCEAN
openness to experience conscientiousness extraversion (outgoing) agreeableness neuroticism (emotional, worried)
general idea of the biological theory of personality
basic behavioural patterns from inherited genes which is then influenced by our environment
largely unconscious
how can twin and adoption studies be used to determine human development
allow scientists to elucidate the roles of nature versus nurture
if monozygotic twins are more alike we assume its due to genetics
if dizygotic twins are more alike we assume environment
however both have their limitations
describe the psychoanalytic theory of personality proposed by Sigmund freud
consists of the id - primitive instinctive part the ego - balances the demands of both the superego - conscience ongoing for our whole life and we are not aware of it
describe the behaviourist theory of personality
ones personality develops over time through a constant conditioning process
unconscious
describe the social cognitive theory of personality
personality develops over time
we consciously choose certain behaviours which then constitute the individuals personality
describe the humanistic theory of personality
what does carl Rogers believe about the optimal personality
conscious decisions define personality
people continually seek experiences that makes them more fulfilled , people make conscious decisions to make them who they are
personality is optimal when that persons real self ideal self and perceived self all overlap
describe the situational approach to personality
says that behaviour depends on external circumstances and changes situationally
but people have consistent patterns of interpreting situations so personality is continuous
how do we define our identity and is it constant
by how we see ourselves and how others see us
fluid over the course of a life
identity has both self concept and social identity functions what is the difference
self concept - how we see ourselves
social identity - ones perception of their role in social groups and society
how is identity formed
observational learning
role taking
define locus of control
a persons belief about the degree to which he or she is able to control surrounding events
internal vs external locus of control
internal - believes he has complete control over behaviour
external - believes fate control behaviour and circumstances
what is looking glass self
the idea that ones sense of self and self concept develops from interpersonal interactions with others and how others perceive that individual
exx. if in conversation with someone taking their viewpoint provides me with a mirror I can use to see myself
mead proposed 3 stages of growth and how we become influenced by others, describe them
prep stage - interaction through imitation don’t care how others see you
play stage - aware of social relationships, start roleplaying
game stage - realize behaviours are in accordance to society and start to care more about what people think
me vs I
me - societys view that form through interactions
I - non conforming part of ones identity
brief idea of Freuds theory of development
specific psycho sexual stages, focuses on the interaction between the individual and sexuality
oral - sucking, swallowing
anal - control bowel movements
phallic - identify with same sex parent and sexual impulse on opposite sex parent
latent - no sexual motivation
genital - sexual urges
if doesn’t successfully pass through a stage they will experience fixation and be unable to move on to the next stage
brief idea of Erik eriksons psychosocial stages
focuses on interaction between the individual and society
each stage an individual is faces with a social or nature crisis and our personality is developed as we resolve these dilemmas
general idea of the order for Erik eriksons stages
hint stages 2-4 are personal attributes, 5-6 on role in society
trust mistrust autonomy v doubt initiative v guilt industry v inferiority identity v role confusion intimacy v confusion generatively v stagnation integrity v despair
identity achievement vs foreclosure vs diffusion
achievement - optimal outcome after selecting multiple personal and societal frameworks
foreclosure - develop identity of people around them
diffusion - no sense of identity or motivation
describe lev vygotskys theory of psychological development
highly influenced by social and cultural factors
not stages but the sum of ones current and potential developmental level at any time
what is the zone of proximal development
range of activities between vygotskys current and potential development levels
describe kohl bergs theory of moral development
sequence of stages or moral reasoning with 3 levels that each have 2 stages
1 - preconventional morality : avoid punishment, seek reward
2 - conventional morality; avoiding social disproval , following rules
3 - postconventional morality : social contract, following a system of universal ethics
why might kohl bergs theory or moral development be biased
his demographics and culture only looked at one population
define attribution theory
how we assign causes to other peoples behaviour
dispositional vs situational attribution
dispositional - we attribute behaviour to an internal cause
situational - attribute behaviour to an external cause
what is the fundamental attribution error
we have incomplete info about the other persons processes and life circumstance so we tend to favour dispositional attribution to explain peoples behaviour
often happens subconsciously very quickly
what is self serving bias
we tend to attribute our successes to internal causes and our failures to external causes
influenced by our societys culture
what is actor/observer bias
we tend to assign our behaviour to our situation because we have all the information for our own situation
what is optimism bias
we think bad things happens to others not us
what is just world belief
we tend to believe the world is just and fair
bad things happen to bad people
what are the 6 theories of personality
trait theory - OCEAN (stable traits)
biological - (genetic traits)
psychoanalytic - freud id, Ego, superego
behaviourist - conditioning (learned reactions to situations)
social cognitive - observational learning conscious decision (reciprocal interaction between personal and environment factor)
humanistic - carl rogers, conscious decisions, real/ideal/percieved self all overlap (seeking betterment of self)
what are the 4 theories of psychological development
freud theory of development - sexual
Erik Eriksons psychosocial stages - social dilemmas
lev vygotskys theory - current and proximal development level
kohl bergs theory of moral development - stages of moral reasoning
what are psychological disorders
psychological abnormalities that are detrimental to the individual
mental illness can be difficult to define and it is often defined by
culture
what are somatoform symptom and related disorders
bodily symptoms along with associated psychological symptoms
what are anxiety disorders
increased fear and anxiety which activates the SNS
what are some of the biological basis to depression
many different genes expressed concurrently
monamine hypothesis - neurotransmitter deficiency
HPA axis - increase cortisol and CRH
contributors to the development of schizophrenia
genetics
excess dopamine activity
brain atrophy
environment
what are the different dissociative disorders
dissociative amnesia - forget about significant past events
depersonalization - self or surrounding are not real
dissociative identity disorder - expression of multiple dissociative personalities
what are personality disorders
some aspect of personality is life disruptive for the individual
if you see physchoanalytic theory on mcat think
subconscious mental life
how is social cognitive theory different from behaviourist
considers the contribution of individuals mental life and personal choices
explores how thought and emotion affect the learning process in addition to learning experiences between the individual and environment
psychoanalytic trait and biological theories are interested in how personality affects behaviour but behaviourist theorist believe that
personality is behaviour
how are humanistic and social cognitive theories different
by an individuals view of themselves
humanistic - conscious decisions people make to become best selves
social - focuses on interaction between behaviour ,thoughts, and the environment
how does identity differ from personality
places a larger emphasis on how someone views themselves including personal and social factors
how does vygotskys theory of development differ from freud and erikson
emphasizes social and cultural factors in development
process not stages
learn with the assistance of others in their environment
describe kohl bergs view on whether or not you should steal an expensive drug to save your mom based on the different stages
preconvential - shouldn’t because you could get arrested which is unpleasant, should because you would be upset by loss of mom
conventional - shouldn’t because people would think less of you if you broke the law, should because people would judge you for not helping your spouse
post conventional - shouldn’t because it is wrong to steal, should because no dying person should be denied mediation
approximate prevalence of the discussed psychological disorders
anxiety - 18
mood disorder - 9.5
schizophrenia -1
personality disorder - 9
difference between western and eastern subjects regarding attribution
eastern subjects favour situational attributions when situational factors are emphasized
what is the typical twin study to determine genetic differences, environmental differences
monozygotic vs dizygotic twins in the same house - shows diff in genetic
twins separated at birth - eliminates effects of shared environment
what are the two ends of mood disorders
mania and depression
