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Psych/Sociology > Identity and the Individual > Flashcards

Identity and the Individual Flashcards

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1
Q

define personality

A

collection of internal characteristics that determine a persons patterns of thinking feeling or behaving

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2
Q

define identity

A

ones internal view of oneself

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3
Q

what are psychological disorders

A

conditions influenced by biology sociology and psychology that differ from culture which represent divergences from what is expected normal

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4
Q

main concept of the trait theory of personality

A

personalities are of set of traits that vary from person to person and do not change over time
some theories are one extreme or the other while others are more continuous

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5
Q

what are the big 5 category traits OCEAN

A 
openness to experience
conscientiousness 
extraversion (outgoing)
agreeableness
neuroticism (emotional, worried)
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6
Q

general idea of the biological theory of personality

A

basic behavioural patterns from inherited genes which is then influenced by our environment
largely unconscious

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7
Q

how can twin and adoption studies be used to determine human development

A

allow scientists to elucidate the roles of nature versus nurture
if monozygotic twins are more alike we assume its due to genetics
if dizygotic twins are more alike we assume environment
however both have their limitations

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8
Q

describe the psychoanalytic theory of personality proposed by Sigmund freud

A 
consists of 
the id - primitive instinctive part 
the ego - balances the demands of both
the superego - conscience
ongoing for our whole life and we are not aware of it
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9
Q

describe the behaviourist theory of personality

A

ones personality develops over time through a constant conditioning process
unconscious

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10
Q

describe the social cognitive theory of personality

A

personality develops over time

we consciously choose certain behaviours which then constitute the individuals personality

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11
Q

describe the humanistic theory of personality

what does carl Rogers believe about the optimal personality

A

conscious decisions define personality
people continually seek experiences that makes them more fulfilled , people make conscious decisions to make them who they are
personality is optimal when that persons real self ideal self and perceived self all overlap

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12
Q

describe the situational approach to personality

A

says that behaviour depends on external circumstances and changes situationally
but people have consistent patterns of interpreting situations so personality is continuous

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13
Q

how do we define our identity and is it constant

A

by how we see ourselves and how others see us

fluid over the course of a life

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14
Q

identity has both self concept and social identity functions what is the difference

A

self concept - how we see ourselves

social identity - ones perception of their role in social groups and society

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15
Q

how is identity formed

A

observational learning

role taking

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16
Q

define locus of control

A

a persons belief about the degree to which he or she is able to control surrounding events

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17
Q

internal vs external locus of control

A

internal - believes he has complete control over behaviour

external - believes fate control behaviour and circumstances

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18
Q

what is looking glass self

A

the idea that ones sense of self and self concept develops from interpersonal interactions with others and how others perceive that individual
exx. if in conversation with someone taking their viewpoint provides me with a mirror I can use to see myself

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19
Q

mead proposed 3 stages of growth and how we become influenced by others, describe them

A

prep stage - interaction through imitation don’t care how others see you
play stage - aware of social relationships, start roleplaying
game stage - realize behaviours are in accordance to society and start to care more about what people think

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20
Q

me vs I

A

me - societys view that form through interactions

I - non conforming part of ones identity

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21
Q

brief idea of Freuds theory of development

A

specific psycho sexual stages, focuses on the interaction between the individual and sexuality
oral - sucking, swallowing
anal - control bowel movements
phallic - identify with same sex parent and sexual impulse on opposite sex parent
latent - no sexual motivation
genital - sexual urges
if doesn’t successfully pass through a stage they will experience fixation and be unable to move on to the next stage

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22
Q

brief idea of Erik eriksons psychosocial stages

A

focuses on interaction between the individual and society
each stage an individual is faces with a social or nature crisis and our personality is developed as we resolve these dilemmas

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23
Q

general idea of the order for Erik eriksons stages

hint stages 2-4 are personal attributes, 5-6 on role in society

A 
trust mistrust 
autonomy v doubt
initiative v guilt 
industry v inferiority 
identity v role confusion 
intimacy v confusion
generatively v stagnation 
integrity v despair
24
Q

identity achievement vs foreclosure vs diffusion

A

achievement - optimal outcome after selecting multiple personal and societal frameworks
foreclosure - develop identity of people around them
diffusion - no sense of identity or motivation

25
Q

describe lev vygotskys theory of psychological development

A

highly influenced by social and cultural factors

not stages but the sum of ones current and potential developmental level at any time

26
Q

what is the zone of proximal development

A

range of activities between vygotskys current and potential development levels

27
Q

describe kohl bergs theory of moral development

A

sequence of stages or moral reasoning with 3 levels that each have 2 stages
1 - preconventional morality : avoid punishment, seek reward
2 - conventional morality; avoiding social disproval , following rules
3 - postconventional morality : social contract, following a system of universal ethics

28
Q

why might kohl bergs theory or moral development be biased

A

his demographics and culture only looked at one population

29
Q

define attribution theory

A

how we assign causes to other peoples behaviour

30
Q

dispositional vs situational attribution

A

dispositional - we attribute behaviour to an internal cause

situational - attribute behaviour to an external cause

31
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error

A

we have incomplete info about the other persons processes and life circumstance so we tend to favour dispositional attribution to explain peoples behaviour
often happens subconsciously very quickly

32
Q

what is self serving bias

A

we tend to attribute our successes to internal causes and our failures to external causes
influenced by our societys culture

33
Q

what is actor/observer bias

A

we tend to assign our behaviour to our situation because we have all the information for our own situation

34
Q

what is optimism bias

A

we think bad things happens to others not us

35
Q

what is just world belief

A

we tend to believe the world is just and fair

bad things happen to bad people

36
Q

what are the 6 theories of personality

A

trait theory - OCEAN (stable traits)
biological - (genetic traits)
psychoanalytic - freud id, Ego, superego
behaviourist - conditioning (learned reactions to situations)
social cognitive - observational learning conscious decision (reciprocal interaction between personal and environment factor)
humanistic - carl rogers, conscious decisions, real/ideal/percieved self all overlap (seeking betterment of self)

37
Q

what are the 4 theories of psychological development

A

freud theory of development - sexual
Erik Eriksons psychosocial stages - social dilemmas
lev vygotskys theory - current and proximal development level
kohl bergs theory of moral development - stages of moral reasoning

38
Q

what are psychological disorders

A

psychological abnormalities that are detrimental to the individual

39
Q

mental illness can be difficult to define and it is often defined by

A

culture

40
Q

what are somatoform symptom and related disorders

A

bodily symptoms along with associated psychological symptoms

41
Q

what are anxiety disorders

A

increased fear and anxiety which activates the SNS

42
Q

what are some of the biological basis to depression

A

many different genes expressed concurrently
monamine hypothesis - neurotransmitter deficiency
HPA axis - increase cortisol and CRH

43
Q

contributors to the development of schizophrenia

A

genetics
excess dopamine activity
brain atrophy
environment

44
Q

what are the different dissociative disorders

A

dissociative amnesia - forget about significant past events
depersonalization - self or surrounding are not real
dissociative identity disorder - expression of multiple dissociative personalities

45
Q

what are personality disorders

A

some aspect of personality is life disruptive for the individual

46
Q

if you see physchoanalytic theory on mcat think

A

subconscious mental life

47
Q

how is social cognitive theory different from behaviourist

A

considers the contribution of individuals mental life and personal choices
explores how thought and emotion affect the learning process in addition to learning experiences between the individual and environment

48
Q

psychoanalytic trait and biological theories are interested in how personality affects behaviour but behaviourist theorist believe that

A

personality is behaviour

49
Q

how are humanistic and social cognitive theories different

A

by an individuals view of themselves
humanistic - conscious decisions people make to become best selves
social - focuses on interaction between behaviour ,thoughts, and the environment

50
Q

how does identity differ from personality

A

places a larger emphasis on how someone views themselves including personal and social factors

51
Q

how does vygotskys theory of development differ from freud and erikson

A

emphasizes social and cultural factors in development
process not stages
learn with the assistance of others in their environment

52
Q

describe kohl bergs view on whether or not you should steal an expensive drug to save your mom based on the different stages

A

preconvential - shouldn’t because you could get arrested which is unpleasant, should because you would be upset by loss of mom
conventional - shouldn’t because people would think less of you if you broke the law, should because people would judge you for not helping your spouse
post conventional - shouldn’t because it is wrong to steal, should because no dying person should be denied mediation

53
Q

approximate prevalence of the discussed psychological disorders

A

anxiety - 18
mood disorder - 9.5
schizophrenia -1
personality disorder - 9

54
Q

difference between western and eastern subjects regarding attribution

A

eastern subjects favour situational attributions when situational factors are emphasized

55
Q

what is the typical twin study to determine genetic differences, environmental differences

A

monozygotic vs dizygotic twins in the same house - shows diff in genetic
twins separated at birth - eliminates effects of shared environment

56
Q

what are the two ends of mood disorders

A

mania and depression

Psych/Sociology (18 decks)

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