Memory and Learning

Question 1

what is encoding

Answer 1

sensory input transformed into an object we can store or perform cognitive operations on

Question 2

what is priming? ex of negative

Answer 2

effects of content on our ability to perceive subsequent stimuli
that dumb trick where you ask questions and its always milk then you ask what a cow drinks and ppl say milk

Question 3

what is chunking

Answer 3

multiple meaningful components are easier to encode like splitting up a phone number

Question 4

what is method of loci

Answer 4

encode info by mentally mapping it onto an imagined space

Question 5

duration of sensory, long term, short term

Answer 5

sensory - instantaneous and decays quickly
long - hours to years
short - second to minutes and is limited

Question 6

what is working memory

Answer 6

cognitive processes to act on info were holding in our short term memory

Question 7

explicit memory - also known as declarative

Answer 7

semantic
memory of specific info
things that can be consciously declared!

Question 8

implicit memory

Answer 8

procedural

like riding a bike

Question 9

flashbulb memory

Answer 9

extremely vivid detail of important moments

Question 10

eidetic memory

Answer 10

info recall

Question 11

iconic memory

Answer 11

visual image can remain in our perception briefly

Question 12

prospective memory

Answer 12

plans to do something in the future

Question 13

what is a schema

Answer 13

ways we organize our knowledge

for example when you think of a bus you think of school

Question 14

recall vs recognition

Answer 14

recall is more active and harder

Question 15

how does semantic activation improve speed and accuracy in recall

Answer 15

can quickly retrieve concepts adjacent to already activated concepts

Question 16

what is dual coding effect

Answer 16

studying multiple modalities is more effective than just one

use verbal and non verbal

Question 17

what is state dependent memory

Answer 17

if you are in a certain state of mind you may be more likely to recall something from when you were previously in that state of mind
think about when your sad you remember the bad days fo your life

Question 18

what is the effect you see when a witness sees the potential criminal in handcuffs

Answer 18

after seeing that someone is a criminal they may misremember the situation to be more negative than it was
misinformation effect

Question 19

why is reproductive memory not an accurate model of memory and what is

Answer 19

that is more like a computer just encode info them reproduce when needed
real memory is reconstructive and we build memories based on perception and info we have

Question 20

how does cognitive reconstruction relate to your family never getting the story straight

Answer 20

they are false memories your brain makes up that they believe are true

Question 21

describe ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Answer 21

forgetting happens but repeated rounds of relearning cause the forgetting process to slow down and for more info to be consolidated into long term memory

Question 22

proactive vs retroactive interference!

Answer 22

proactive - old ways get in the way of new ones
think im a pro so I can’t get any better

retroactive - new memories interfere with the old ones
think about how hard it would be to try use retro old phones now

Question 23

how can you relate retrograde amnesia to retrograde interference

Answer 23

amnesia - forget previous events entirely

interference - new memories interfere with old ones

Question 24

how does korsakoffs syndrome differ from alzhemiers

Answer 24

tendency for fictional stories

Question 25

implicit vs explicit !!

Answer 25

implicit is unconscious skills

e

Question 26

what is semantic memory

Answer 26

long term memory of things learned not from personal experience
ex. provinces capitals

Question 27

what part of brain is important for declarative memory

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

what is avoidance avoidance conflict

Answer 28

when you have to choose between two bad things

like do the dishes or wash the vehicles

Question 29

what is approach approach conflict

Answer 29

have to decide between two good things

you can get a free ice cream or a free poutine

Question 30

what is approach avoidance conflict

Answer 30

when you are dealing with something that has good and bad things
you get accepted into med school but would have big student loans

Question 31

what is double approach avoidance conflict

Answer 31

when choosing between two things that have good and bad
choosing between living in the city or in the country

make a list of pros and cons of each

Question 32

primary vs secondary stress appraisal

Answer 32

primary - extend seen as a stressor

second - assessment of ability to deal with the stressor

Question 33

what is general adaption syndrome

Answer 33

initial response to stress is alarm which activates sympathetic system
then shifts over to resistance which produces cortisol
results in exhaustion and long term negative effects of stress