Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

who was associated with the idea about cognitive development

A

jean piaget

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2
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth - 2
interact with the world through sensory input and motor activities, putting things in their mouth
object permanence means they understand objects exist even when you don’t see them that’s why peek a boo is so fascinating to them
circular reactions is when they continue to drop something because it had an interesting fact
stranger anxiety also occurs

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3
Q

perioperational stage

A

ages 2-7
very minimal logical thinking
egocentrism - can’t imagine the world from the view of others so that’s why they hate sharing
centration or ability to just focus on one thing so they think two slices of pizza is more even if they’re smaller

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4
Q

concrete operation stage

A

ages 7-11
develop logical reasoning and taking others perspectives
do better when its in regards to concrete objects

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5
Q

formal operational stage

A

11 - 16

fully engage in abstract logic

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6
Q

how does a schema relate to a cow being red when they’re usually black

A

organize information from the outside world and then responding
you can conclude that it is not a cow because it is not black and this would be assimilation
or you could conclude that animals have additional colours which would be accomodatioon

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7
Q

Piagets stages end at 16 so what kind of intelligence occurs after that

A

fluid - problem solving skills that can be applied to new situations, reason on the fly
crystallized is the ability to use ones knowledge to solve problems - not just memorization has to do with applying what one knows

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8
Q

what does Piaget seem to value about cognition

A

logical and abstract reasoning
ability to engage in operations of mental manipulation of objects
wasn’t interested in things like emotion and the influence of other people

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9
Q
use pharmacy examples to describe problem solving strategies 
hint 
T&A
A
D
I
A
A

trial and error self explanatory
algorithms - think cancer care has a set algorithm for breast cancer treatment
deductive reasoning - st johns wort increases serotinin so it must interact with SSRIs
inductive reasoning - people taking st johns wort and SSRIS get serotonin syndrome so it must increase serotonin and interact with SSRIs
analogies - seen it before so you know how to deal with it

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10
Q

`our mental set is the framework we use to problem solve how does dunckers candle problem show a certain type of fixation

A

given a candle and match box and thumbtacks and have to put it on the wall without the wax dripping
can’t picture the matchbox as a candle holder is an example of functional fixedness

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11
Q

how do you show belief preservance

A

when Vinny proves you wrong you just deny it even more

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12
Q

when you look back at the practice mcat questions they look easy what is this an example of

A

hindsight bias

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13
Q

the day you started using your polysporin ear drops the pain in the ear and headaches went away so you assumed it was the polysporin what is this an example of

A

causation bias

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14
Q

difference between heuristics and biases

A

a short cut used to problem solve that often work well enough to problem solve
bias are more just patterns that affect our decision making

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15
Q

difference between the representativeness and availability heuristic

A

represent - police officer more likely to think someone is a criminal because they look sketchy we are making a decision he is guilty based on how he looks
avail - a med student thinks they have some rare disease just because they have been studying it, get diarrhea and think colon cancer comes to mind quickly

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16
Q

what is spearman’s g factor

A

general intelligence
gave a formal meaning to the idea that people who did well in things like math do well in other things
this has been found to be heritable

17
Q

describe the history of IQ testing

A

Alfred binet created a quotient that was the mental age divided by the chronological age multiplied by 100 this was in children tho
has a normal ditribution

18
Q

what are some potential down falls of IQ testing

A

difference in racial and culture groups have been observed and this is a high stake exam
may be due to cognitive biases in testing
can also have issues with differences in exposure to education like some schools may not highlight graphs as a way of organizing information
can’t get the whole story of human abilityu

19
Q

broad idea of Gardners theory of intelligence

how does it relate to emotional intelligence

A

theory of multiple intelligences that tests things like musical as well
it does not include emotional intelligence

20
Q

what is a criticism of Gardners theory of intelligence

A

should those extra things just be considered aptitudes

21
Q

phonetics vs phonology

A

etics - direct sounds we produce like rolling rs

ology - sound structures affecting meaning like deep vs dip

22
Q

morphology

A

word formation

jump — jumped

23
Q

syntax

A

forming phrases

24
Q

semantics

A

real world meaning

25
Q

pragmatics

A

non literal meaning

26
Q

what are the 3 theories of language acquisition

A

learning : learned behaviour from conditioning and environmental stimuli, more rewards and punishments
nativist : innate capacity
interactionist : interactions with the environment without denying the innate capacity

27
Q

distinguish between linguistic relativity (sapir-whorf) and linguistic determinism

A

relativity - the language we speak can shape our congition ie. is my language doesn’t have a word for pink I may not distinguish color stimuli involving pink as quick
determinism - language dictates thought, can’t perceive difference between green and blue if don’t have the words for it

28
Q

what does aphasia mean

A

impaired ability to communicate

29
Q

someone who can speak words but the sentences don’t make sense and they can’t comprehend language has damage to where

A

temporal lobe left side

wernickes

30
Q

someone who can understand spoken language but can’t proceed language have damage where

A

frontal lobe

brocas

31
Q

someone who has difficulty repeating words has damage where

A

conduction between wernickes and brocas called the arcuate fasciculus