Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Recombinant DNA Technology Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Recombinant DNA Technology Word Stimulants Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Restriction enzymes abbreviated name

A

Restriction endonucleases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Restriction enzyme function

A

Catalyse hydrolysis is phosphodiester bonds between sugar-phosphate, double stranded DNA
Cuts at a point in a short DNA sequence (recognition site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Recognition site

A

Specific to each restriction enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sticky Ends

A

Same reverse complements
Form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases to sticky ends of other DNA fragments
Cut by the same restriction enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blunt ended filaments

A

Cut at the same place within recognition site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

A

Lengths of DNA produced from restriction enzyme activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gel electrophoresis purpose

A

Separate RFLP lengths by size

Gene fragment cut out from gel - available to transfer into organisms DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mRNA > cDNA

A

mRNA - retrovirus

Reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

complementary DNA

A

cDNA
Complementary to parent mRNA
No sticky ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cDNA > double stranded

A

+ nucleotides

+ DNA polymerase (catalysed nucleotide binding with complementary bases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genetically modified organisms

A

GM
Genes transformed
Genes from host cell > new organism
(Universal genetic code , transcription, translation mechanisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vector

A

Bacterial plasmids
Piece of DNA to which gene is inserted
> mixed hybrid molecule (recombinant DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sticky ends in vivo

A

Makes insertion possible

Same restriction enzyme cuts host DNA +Vector DNA (bonds complementary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gaps in sticky ends

A

Filled by phosphate groups

Catalysed by ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Desirable > vector steps

A

Restriction enzyme cut DNA containing gene > fragments (sticky ends)
Same restriction enzyme cuts vector DNA
Complementary sticky ends
DNA fragments mixed with cut plasmids + ligase
Complementary sticky ends bond (sealed by ligase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vectors > host cells

A

Bacterium E. coli + plasmids added to hot liquid
Contains CaCl2
Ca2+ : increase permeability of bacterial plasma membrane to plasmids
1% of bacterial cells take up plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Marker genes purpose

A

Identify host cells that carry desirable gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Marker gene Agar

A

Bacteria mixture : Unaltered plasmids / genetically engineered plasmids
Plated on agar
Bacteria without plasmid - do not grow/ form colonies
Unaltered plasmid / GM plasmids grow, form patterns on afar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Replica plating

A

Pattern colonies stamped on sterile nylon cloth
Transferred to agar plate
Unaltered plasmids grow / form colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Identifying plasmids carrying gene

A

Compare agar + replica plate patterns

Colonies Cut + cultured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fluorescent / enzyme markers

A

Is used to identify plasmid carrying gene
Now used
Quicker
More efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In vivo use

A

Follow in vitro

Testing drug safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In vivo

A

Correspond to real life conditions

24
Q

Disadvantages

A

Complicated
Expensive
Less sensitive

25
Q

In vitro gene cloning purpose

A

Amplified DNA

26
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction purpose

A

PCR
Form multiple copies of DNA
Cloned
Cycle doubles amount of DNA

27
Q

PCR conditions

A

Dead cells

Lab ware

28
Q

PCR uses

A

Biological and medical research (evolutionary relationships, diagnosis of diseases / genetic disorders / cancer)
Material for analysis (crime scene)

29
Q

PCR step 1

A

Mixture: primers + double stranded DNA + nucleotides + heat stable DNA polymerase

30
Q

Primer

A

Short strands of DNA

31
Q

PCR step 2

A

Heat to 95-98c

Splits double stranded DNA > Single stranded templates (x2)

32
Q

PCR step 3

A

Cool to 50-65c

Template DNA hydrodizes with complementary primer

33
Q

PCR step 4

A

Heat mixture to 72 c
Addition of complementary nucleotides to template DNA
Length of tDAN extends from primers
Two copies of double stranded identical DNA

34
Q

In vitro Advantages

A

More sensitive
Simpler
Cheaper
Variables more easily controlled

35
Q

In vitro disadvantaged

A

Doesn’t correspond well to real life conditions

May produce mis leading results

36
Q

DNA probes

A

Single strand of DNA

Base sequence complementary to identifying gene

37
Q

In vitro test steps

A

Restriction enzyme added to test material
DNA cut > single stranded fragments
Complementary probe added to fragment mixture
Probe labelled with radioactive tag
Probe hybridises with cDNA
Tag identifies probe/gene hybrid on gel (after gel electrophoresis)

38
Q

DNA probes + DNA hybridisation

A

Possible to identify + locate specific alleles of genes

Identify genetic disorders (mutant alleles)

39
Q

Genetic screening

A

Uses DNA sequencing, probes + hybridisation individuals
Diagnose individuals : mutant genes/genetic disorders; variants of genes + lifestyle increase susceptibility to particular diseases

40
Q

Informed consent

A

Advice from expert
Informs individual of benefits / limitations of screening
Before testing permission

41
Q

Genetic counselling

A

Basic features of genetic disorder / gene linked disease
Probability of developing
Probability of child inheritance
Options for management, prevention, reduce effects

42
Q

Personalised medicine

A

Specific medicine based on genetic screening

43
Q

Genetic fingerprint

A

DNA unique to individual

44
Q

Variable number tandem repeats

A 
VNTRs
Sequences of non coding DNA 
repeated base sequences
Lengths vary person to person
Each person 50-100 types of unique VNTRs - genetic fingerprinting basis
45
Q

Genetic fingerprinting use

A

Criminal investigation - compare DNA from crime scene with suspects
Genetic variability in populations
Parent of child
Medical diagnosis
Guide breeding programmes (prevent inbreeding)

46
Q

Genetic fingerprinting steps

A 
Extraction
Cutting (digestion)
Separation
Transfer
Hybridisation
Display
Analysis
47
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : extraction

A

DNA extracted from cell samples

48
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : cutting / digestion

A

Restriction enzymes
Cut double stranded fragments
Some carry VNTRs

49
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : separation

A

Helen electrophoresis
Pattern of invisible bands
DNA broken into single strands - block of gel immersed in alkaline solution

50
Q

Gel electrophoresis equipment

A 
-be cathode
\+be anode
Wells of DNA fragments
Gel blocks
DNA fragment (negative) movement to anode
51
Q

Electrophoretogram

A

Dyed / radioactively labelled

Barcodes

52
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : transfer

A

Southern blotting

Single stranded DNA fragments transferred onto nylon membrane

53
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : hybridisation

A

Nylon membrane immersed in DNA probe solution
Probe complementary to core nucleotide sequence of VNTRs
Probe Labelled with alkaline phosphatase
Probe and complementary DNA combine - DNA hybrid

54
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : display

A

Nylon membrane covered with phosphate containing substrate
X Ray film
Phosphatase catalyses phosphate removal
Substrate fogs X-ray film
X-ray shows band pattern - identifies hybrid position

55
Q

Genetic fingerprinting : analysis

A

Compare bar codes

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions