ESSAYS Flashcards
Importance of movement in living organisms
Transport across membranes Gas exchange Nerve impulses - receptors > effectors DNA and protein synthesis Digestion / absorption
Importance of receptors in living organisms
Enzymes Transport across cell membranes Cell recognition and immune system Homeostasis Control of blood water potential and glucose conc
Importance of proteins in control of processes and responses in organisms
Enzymes - catalysts, metabolic pathways
Movement across cell membranes
Pacinian corpuscle - stretch mediated Na channels
Gene translation / transcription - enzymes
Gene therapy
Causes and importance of variation and diversity in organisms
Evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Causes of variation - mutation
Advantages of mutation - disease, food chain , adaption
Gene pools, evolution , natural selection
Speciation and geographical isolation
Response to internal and external environment changes
Negative / positive feedback
Homeostasis
Transport in and out of cells - specific substances
Selection pressures - changes to environment
Response to stimuli - tropism / heart rate
Reflexes
Importance of human Control of growth , reproduction and development of organisms
Control gene expression - stem cells Selective breeding , fertilisers , pesticides Cancer Genetics - predict inherited conditions Immune response and vaccination
Energy transferred within and between organisms
Photosynthesis Food production Respiration ATP Stimuli and responses Energy transfer through ecosystems
Membranes of different types of cells involved in many different functions
Membrane basic functions - eg absorption ileum
Organelle membranes - respiration , protein secretion , photosynthesis
Cell surface membranes - cell division , cell receptors (immune system)c, pacinian corpuscle
Processes - hormones (IAA), nerve impulses, osmosis
Relationships/ interactions between organisms
Pathogens and hosts
Evolution
Ecological
Human intervention - farming , gene technology
Shapes fitting together importance in cells and organisms
Proteins and organisms : enzymes , digestion , protein structure ; vaccines
Nucleic acids : DNA structure ; DNA replication ; restitution enzymes
Physiology : haemoglobin ; muscle contraction
Bacteria affect lives of humans / organisms
Pathogens
Lactose intolerance
Resistance to antibiotics
Ecological : carbon cycle ; nitrogen cycle ; eutrophication
Making use : bacterial enzymes ; PCR ; plasmids (in vivo)
DNA in science and technology
Classification : differences in base sequence - compare
Genetic engineering : plasmids ; recombinant DNA
Cancer treatment
Gene therapy - medical diagnosis / treatment
DNA probes
Cycles
Nutrient cycle - nitrogen and phosphorus Light independent reaction Krebs cycle Breathing Cardiac cycle
Causes of disease
Pathogens : damage cells , produce toxins , HIV
Lifestyle : mutagens/cancigens ; risk factors
Genetics : mutations (non functional enzymes) ; cell cycle & cancer ;
Carbon dioxide
limiting factors Breathing mechanism Light independent - Calvin cycle Chemoreceptors Respiration - increased exercise
