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Biology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Readily dissolves in water.

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2
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not readily dissolve in water.

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3
Q

Lipids

A

Compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

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4
Q

Ester

A

A substance formed from the reaction between an acid and an alcohol.

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5
Q

Proteins

A

Compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Some also contain sulfur.

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6
Q

Amino Acids

A

Monomers from which proteins are made. There are 20 different types.

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7
Q

Dipeptide

A

Formed when two amino acid molecules combine.

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8
Q

Inhibitors

A

Substances that reduce the rate of reaction when added to an enzyme/substrate mixture.

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9
Q

Genetic

A

The inheritance of DNA by daughter cells when a parent cell divides.

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10
Q

Resolving power of a microscope

A

The ability to distinguish between structures lying close together.

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11
Q

Magnification

A

The number of times larger the image of an object is than the object’s actual size.

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Having membrane-bound organelles and a distinct nucleus bound by nuclear membrane (envelope). The cells of plants, animals, fungi and protists.

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Where most of the cell’s DNA is found. DNA bound to protein forms chromatin, which becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis. The nucleolus within the nucleus is a region where mRNA is concentrated.

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus and Vesicles

A

A stack of sac-like membranes which package different substances. Vesicles bud off filled with packaged substances and pass to the cell surface membrane where they are secreted.

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain high levels of lysozymes that destroy old cells and bacteria engulfed in the vacuoles of phagocytes.

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16
Q

Vacuoles

A

Spaces in the cytoplasm of cells. In the plant cells vacuoles are permanent, each lined by a membrane called the tonoplast. The vacuole is filled with a solution of sugars and salts which regulate osmosis. In animal cells, they are temporary and not lined by tonoplast.

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17
Q

Mass Spectrometry

A

Identifies what substances something is made of.

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18
Q

Virus Load

A

Amount of HIV virus in the blood of HIV positive people.

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19
Q

Xerophytic Plants

A

Plants able to survive in hot, dry conditions.

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

Characteristic which increases an organism’s chances of surviving in its habitat.

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21
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Breathing in and out.

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22
Q

Renal Arteries

A

Transport oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

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23
Q

Renal Vein

A

Drain deoxygenated blood from the kidneys.

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24
Q

Translocation

A

The transport of nutrients in solution by phloem tissue.

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25
Q

Sap

A

The nutrient solution transported through phloem tissue.

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26
Q

Structural Genes

A

Affecting the synthesis of enzymes and other polypeptides that make up body structures.

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27
Q

Regulatory Genes

A

Affecting the synthesis of polypeptides (transcription factors) which control the development of organism.

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28
Q

Chromatid

A

One of two identical parts of the chromosome formed after DNA replication during the S phase of interphase.

29
Q

Centromere

A

The point where the two chromatids touch and which attaches to the micro tubules of the spindle fibres formed during prophase and metaphase of mitosis and meiosis.

30
Q

Phylogeny

A

The relationship between organisms as a result of their shared characteristics which link then ti a common ancestor.

31
Q

Variation

A

Differences that exist between individuals of the same species.

32
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Oxidation reactions in cells that break down respiratory substrates into small simple molecules releasing energy.

33
Q

Coenzyme

A

A molecule which binds to an atom of one molecule and transfer it to another molecule.

34
Q

Food Web

A

All possible feeding relationships of an ecosystem.

35
Q

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

A

The biomass of organic material produced in gm-2 time-1.

36
Q

Net Primary Production (NPP)

A

GPP minus the biomass used by producers to fuel their own metabolism (lost as respiration).

37
Q

Leaching

A

Removing substances in solution.

38
Q

Biodivrsity

A

The number of species in an ecosystem.

39
Q

Stimulus

A

Change in the environment that causes an organism to take action (response).

40
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Detect pressure when skin is firmly touched.

41
Q

Sensitivity

A

The intensity of light required to stimulate rods and cones.

42
Q

Visual Acuity

A

The sharpness/detail of the image we see.

43
Q

Dendron/Dendrites

A

Thin extensions of the cell body which carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.

44
Q

Axon

A

An extension of the cell body that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

45
Q

Schwann Cell

A

A type of cell that forms the components of the myelin sheath during the development of the nervous system.

46
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Forms from Schwann cells. It consists of layers of membrane wrapped round the axon. Myelin is a fatty substance and an important component of the sheath. Insulates the axon.

47
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A break in the myelin sheath where the axon is uncovered. Nerve impulses jump from node to node, speeding up their passage along the axon.

48
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The process of action potentials jumping from node to node.

49
Q

Feedback

A

A situation where the information about changes in the system affects what happens to the changes in the future.

50
Q

Urine

A

The liquid removed from the bladder to the outside through the urethra. Contains waste substances (urea) and different ions.

51
Q

Genetics

A

The ways offspring inherit characteristics from their parents.

52
Q

Autosomes

A

All of an organism’s chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes.

53
Q

Null Hypthothesis

A

States that there was no significant difference between the observed and expected results of an investigation.

54
Q

Linkage Group

A

Two genes on the same chromosome are inherited together.

55
Q

Allelic Frequency

A

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool.

56
Q

Gene Pool

A

The total of all the alleles of all the genes of a population.

57
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an individual.

58
Q

Variation

A

The differences in characteristics between individuals of different species and between individuals of the same species.

59
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The resources available, enabling the population to survive in its niche.

60
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

The resources available to species in the absence of competition.

61
Q

Realised Niche

A

The resources available to species as an outcome of competition.

62
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Derive from totipotent and pluripotent cells.

63
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

Derive from multipotent cells.

64
Q

Markers

A

Groups of atoms that can bind to DNA and its associated histones.

65
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant tumours.

66
Q

Carcinogens

A

Mutagens which cause cancer.

67
Q

Gene Editing

A

Manipulating the genome of a cell by the replacement, deletion or insertion of DNA into it.

68
Q

Electrophoresis

A

Process that separates charged particles according to their molecular mass (size).

69
Q

In Vivo

A

Within the living.

Biology (25 decks)

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